Table 2.

Extent to Which Students Recognized Low-SES–Based Strengths and Challenges as Assessed in Open-Ended Responses and Scale Ratings (Experiment 1)

	Low-SES–based strengths (e.g., being motivated)		Low-SES–based challenges (e.g., receiving limited support)
	Open response: number of strengths mentioned	Scale-rating: SES as resource for success	Open response: number of challenges mentioned	Scale-rating: SES as source of challenge
Control: M (SD)	0.23 (0.52)	3.69 (1.06)	2.36 (2.07)	3.76 (1.17)
Interv.: M (SD)	0.85 (1.23)	4.12 (1.01)	2.08 (1.32)	3.75 (1.14)
p	<.001	.003	.138	.838
d	0.66	0.42	−0.20	−0.03
d: 95% CI	[0.39, 0.94]	[0.15, 0.67]	[0.07, −0.47]	[0.24, −0.30]

Note. In coding open responses, we captured the number of strengths and the number of challenges students spontaneously mentioned in describing how being a first-generation student has affected their college experience. Scale ratings are on a 1 to 6 scale.