| Author(s) and Year |
Study Design |
Key Findings |
Cutaneous Manifestations Examined |
Diagnostic/Prognostic Significance |
| Kaya & Kaya, 2024 [10]. |
Observational Cross-sectional Study |
Stasis dermatitis was identified as an independent risk factor for heart failure (HF)-related hospitalization. Significant associations were found with diabetes mellitus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and increased pulmonary artery pressure. |
Stasis Dermatitis |
Diagnosis of stasis dermatitis indicated poor prognosis and increased risk of HF-related hospitalization. |
| Ozkok, 2019 [16]. |
Review of Current Perspectives |
Cholesterol-embolization syndrome (CES) is a multisystemic disease caused by embolization of cholesterol crystals (CCs). Embolized CCs lead to ischemic and inflammatory damage, and anti-inflammatory agents have been explored as potential treatments. |
Livedo Reticularis, Blue Toe Syndrome |
CES manifests with livedo reticularis and blue toe syndrome, indicating systemic cholesterol embolization from atherosclerotic plaques. |
| Servy et al., 2014 [42]. |
Observational, Prospective Epidemiological Study |
Found that 11.9% of infective endocarditis (IE) cases presented with skin manifestations such as Osler’s nodes, Janeway lesions, and purpura. Patients with skin manifestations had higher rates of extracardiac complications. |
Osler’s Nodes, Janeway Lesions, Purpura |
Skin manifestations in IE patients were linked to larger cardiac vegetations and a higher rate of extracerebral emboli, indicating poor prognosis. |
| Krishnan et al., 2022 [53]. |
Case Report |
Reported a case of an 11-year-old with ichthyosis and dilated cardiomyopathy, successfully managed with heart transplantation. Highlighted the role of cutaneous manifestations as markers of life-threatening cardiac conditions. |
Ichthyosis |
Ichthyosis in the patient was linked to dilated cardiomyopathy, underscoring the importance of recognizing skin manifestations that could indicate severe cardiac disease. |
| Topan et al., 2015 [39]. |
Prospective Observational Study |
The study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the modified Duke criteria for infective endocarditis (IE). Among 241 patients, 137 were classified as having definite IE, and 43% of cases would become possible IE upon removal of major microbiological criteria. |
Peripheral Vascular Stigmata (Osler's Nodes, Janeway Lesions, Splinter Hemorrhages) |
Peripheral vascular stigmata were highlighted as key diagnostic features within the Duke criteria, aiding in the diagnosis of definite IE. |
