Table 1.
Protocol and major findings of studies included in the review
| Authors | Year | Experimental model | Laser sources | Wavelength (nm) | Mode | Power density (mW/cm2) | Radiant exposure (J/cm2) | Duration | Spot area (cm2) | Location | Distance (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervetto et al. (2023) | 2023 | Mice (males, C57BL/6 J; 8–12 weeks old). Purified nerve terminals (synaptosomes) were made of mouse cerebral cortex | Diode laser (GaAlAs) | 810 | CW | 1000; 100 | 60; 6 | 60 s, once daily for 1 day | 1 | Cell surface | _ |
| Marques et al. (2023) | 2023 | Rats (males, Wistar, 200–220 g). They had surgical injury of the infraorbital nerve | Diode laser (GaAs) | 904 | PW, 9500 Hz, pulse time of 65 ns | – | 6.23 | 18 s per point, 10 sessions, performed every other day | 0.13*5 | Orbital region | 1 |
| Correia Rocha et al. (2021) | 2021 | Rats (males, Wistar, 250-300 g). They were induced with type 1 DM and peripheral nerve injured | Diode laser (GaAs) | 904 | PW, 9500 Hz, pulse time of 65 ns, duty cycle (DC) 0.0617% | – | 6.23 | 18 s per point, 10 sessions, performed every other day | 0.13*9 | Right leg (peripheral nerve injured area) | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | 2021 | Mice (male, C57BL/6 J, 5 weeks old). They were induced with depression | Semiconductor laser | 635 | CW | Mice: 10.05 Cell: 3.3 | Mice:6 Cell: 1/2/4 | Mice: 600 s, once daily for 30 days. Cell: 75 s/150 s/300 s | 7.06 | Mice: above the brain Cell: Cell surface | Mice: 12 Cell: 20 |
| Shen et al. (2021) | 2021 | Transgenic mice (APP/PS1) | Semiconductor laser | 635 | CW | 117.2 | 6 | Mice: 600 s, once daily for 30 days. Cell: 75 s/150 s/300 s | 0.875 | The upper part of the exposed brain to the interior of the hippocampus | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Golovynska et al. (2021) | 2021 | Primary rat hippocampus neurons, human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) | Diode laser | 650/808/1064 | – | 100 | – | 300 s/600 s/1500 s, once daily for 1 day | – | Cell surface | – |
| de Oliveira et al. (2021) | 2021 | Rats (males, Wistar, 200–220 g, 2 months old). They had surgical injury of the sciatic nerve | Diode laser (GaAs) | 904 | PW, 9500 Hz, pulse time of 60 ns | 700 | 6 | 18 s per point, 10 sessions, performed every other day | 0.1*9 | The skin over the chronic constriction injury (CCI) area | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Zupin et al. (2021) | 2021 | 50B11 cell line | Diode laser | 800/970 | PW, 5 Hz, DC 50% | 300 | – | 20 s/40 s/80 s/120 s, once daily for 1 day | 1 | Cell surface | – |
| Zupin et al. (2019) | 2019 | Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected from cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) male mice at 6–8 weeks of age | Diode laser | 800/970 | PW, 5 Hz, DC 50% | 100 | 6 | 120 s, once daily for 1 day | – | Cell surface | – |
| Han et al. (2019) | 2019 | Mice (C57/BL6 8–12 weeks old), knockout mice (Tac1−/−). A mouse model of acid-induced chronic muscle pain, or the Sluka model was in the hind paws | – | 685 | – | – | 4/8 | – | – | The surface of the left legs of mice | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Golovynska et al. (2019) | 2019 | HeLa cells | Semiconductor laser | 650/808 | CW | 1/10/100/300 | 6/12/30 | 720 s/720 s/60 s, 120 s, 300 s/–, once daily for 1 day | – | Cell surface | – |
| de Sousa et al. (2018) | 2018 | Mice (male, BALB/c, adult, weight 20–24 g) | Semiconductor laser | 810 | CW | 300/50/50 | 36/0, 1.2, 6, 30/6 | 120 s/0 s, 24 s, 120 s, 600 s/120 s, once daily for 7 day | 1/6/6 | Head, neck, DRG, tail, abdomen, ipsilateral right hind-paw, contralateral left hind-paw | – |
| Neves et al. (2018) | 2018 | Mice (male, Swiss-albino, 25-40 g). They were induced as hind paw edema | Semiconductor laser | 660 | CW | – | 1/10/50/100/150/200 | 2 s/20 s/100 s/200 s/300 s/400 s, once daily for 1 day | 0.06 | Hind paws | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Wang et al. (2017b) | 2017 | Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) | Diode laser (GaAlAs) | 660/810 | CW | 16 | 3 | 188 s, once daily for 1 day | 4 | Cell surface | – |
| Pissulin et al. (2017) | 2017 | Rats (males, Wistar, about 300 g). They had induction of degeneration–regeneration of muscle fibers by local anesthetics | Diode laser (GaAs) | 904 | CW | 1428.6 | 68.6 | 48 s, once daily for 5 days | 0.035 | The ventral surface of the neck | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Pires de Sousa et al. (2016) | 2016 | Mice (male, BALB/c, adult, weight 20–24 g). The nociceptive tests were conducted, in the following order: cold plate, radiant heat, and formalin injection | Diode laser | 810 | CW | 300 | 7.2/36 | 24 s/120 s, once daily for 1 day | 1 | The head | 0 or superficial skin contact |
| Huang et al. (2014) | 2014 | Mice (female, CD1, 8–10 weeks old). They were used to prepare primary mouse cortical neurons | Diode laser | 810 | CW | 25 | 3 | 120 s, once daily for 1 day | 78.5 | Cell surface | – |
| Rochkind et al. (2013) | 2013 | Rats (males, Wistar, about 250 g, 12 weeks old). They had removed of the sciatic nerve segment resulted in complete denervation of the muscles | Diode laser | 632.8 | CW | – | – | 1800s, once daily for 14 days | – | Right leg (peripheral nerve injured area) | – |
| Ignatov et al. (2005) | 2005 | Neurons of the periglottal ring of neural ganglia of the pond snail | Diode laser | 632.8 | – | 15 | – | 60 s/600 s, once daily for 1 day | 0.0144 | Cell surface | 0.1 |
The parameters outlined above have been sourced from the literature provided. In cases where information is not explicitly stated or could not be determined from the data calculations, the symbol “–” has been used to indicate this