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. 2024 Nov 23;15:10178. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54334-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — K18-hACE2 or 129S1 mice were infected with B.1.351 31 days after exposure to BA.1 (reinfection, n = 5) or NC99 (secondary infection, n = 5). A group mock infected twice (Mock:Mock, n = 5) and a group mock-infected and challenged 31 days after with B.1.351 (Mock:B.1.351, n = 10) were also included. Samples from every mice were used for every analysis unless otherwise specified. A (i): Mean ± SD weight change in 129S1 mice after mock-challenge or challenge with 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test to the Mock:Mock group. A (ii): Infectious virus titers in the lungs of mock, BA.1 (n = 5) or NC99 pre-infected (n = 3) 129S1 mice inoculated with 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Representation: Box-plot with median as center, 25th to 75th percentile-bound box and whiskers representing maximum and minimum values. Statistical analysis: Ordinary two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test to the Mock:Mock group. A (iii): Histopathological scores from mock or BA.1 pre-infected 129S1 mice inoculated with mock or 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351 (n = 5, per group). B (i): Mean±SD weight change in K18-hACE2 mice after mock-challenge or challenge with 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Statistical analysis: see A (i). B (ii): Infectious virus titer in lungs of mock or BA.1 or NC99 pre-infected K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with mock or 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Representation and statistical analysis: see A (ii). B (iii): Histopathological scores from mock or BA.1 pre-infected K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with mock or 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351 (n = 5, per group). C: Heatmap of cytokine/chemokine profile of lung homogenates from mock, BA.1 or NC99 pre-infected K18-hACE2 or 129S1 mice inoculated with mock or 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Z-score calculations from average Net-MFI results are represented. D: EGFR protein quantification from lung homogenates from BA.1 pre-infected K18-hACE2 (n = 5) or 129S1 (n = 5) mice or mock pre-infected [K18-hACE2 (n = 4) or 129S1 (n = 5)] mice challenged with 10⁴ PFU of B.1.351. Representation: see A (ii). Statistical analysis: Two-tailed Mann–Whitney T-test. Statistical significance is represented as exact p-value. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.