Table 6.
The changing trend of mortality rate of children under five years old attributed to specific diarrheal pathogens across the globe from 1990 to 2021.
| Age group | Pathogen | Mortality rate per 100,000 population (95% UI) in 1990 | Mortality rate per 100,000population (95% UI) in 2021 | AAPC of mortality rate (95% CI) in 1990–2021/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 years | Vibrio cholerae | 17.76 (14.75–21.43) | 3.92 (2.81–5.31) | −0.47 (−0.49 to −0.45) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 8.16 (1.20–17.77) | 1.8 (0.24–4.17) | −0.21 (−0.21 to −0.20) | |
| Shigella | 48.35 (29.24–78.08) | 12.42 (7.28–20.96) | −1.19 (−1.20 to −1.18) | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 26.83 (15.46–42.14) | 7.04 (3.95–11.59) | −0.32 (−0.32 to −0.31) | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 29.72 (17.32–47.09) | 6.96 (3.83–11.72) | −0.67 (−0.68 to −0.66) | |
| Campylobacter | 22.98 (10.17–42.4) | 3.84 (1.56–7.41) | −0.64 (−0.65 to −0.63) | |
| Entamoeba | 12.28 (5.88–23.03) | 2.44 (1.07–4.91) | −0.32 (−0.32 to −0.31) | |
| Cryptosporidium | 38.32 (23.65–59.95) | 10.4 (5.91–16.65) | −0.90 (−0.93 to −0.87) | |
| Rotavirus | 100.31 (74.21–127.24) | 18.21 (12.63–25.74) | −2.62 (−2.66 to −2.58) | |
| Aeromonas | 8.31 (3.62–15.15) | 1.63 (0.73–3.07) | −0.22 (−0.22 to −0.22) | |
| Clostridium difficile | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | −0.00 (−0.00 – 0.00) | |
| Norovirus | 22.35 (7.64–40.06) | 4.49 (1.47–8.36) | −0.58 (−0.58 to −0.57) | |
| Adenovirus | 56.78 (32.7–90.28) | 12.32 (6.82–20.21) | −1.47 (−1.49 to −1.44) | |
| <1 years | Vibrio cholerae | 43.56 (34.48–53.92) | 9.9 (6.66–13.81) | −1.17 (−1.22 to −1.12) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 23.1 (3.87–51.69) | 5.27 (0.87–12.21) | −0.58 (−0.59 to −0.57) | |
| Shigella | 134.35 (75.91–227.36) | 36.67 (19.98–64.09) | −3.29 (−3.35 to −3.22) | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 90.1 (47.49–152.77) | 25.17 (12.41–44.49) | −2.23 (−2.28 to −2.17) | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 89.15 (49.43–150.83) | 21.45 (11.09–36.92) | −2.22 (−2.25 to −2.20) | |
| Campylobacter | 80.75 (33.33–153.56) | 14.36 (5.6–28.61) | −2.21 (−2.25 to −2.17) | |
| Entamoeba | 35.36 (15.94–69.56) | 7.57 (3.12–15.31) | −0.91 (−0.92 to −0.90) | |
| Cryptosporidium | 113.18 (67.77–180.94) | 33.37 (18.9–54.53) | −2.63 (−2.69 to −2.57) | |
| Rotavirus | 309.15 (230.49–390.99) | 61.26 (42.73–85.95) | −8.05 (−8.13 to −7.97) | |
| Aeromonas | 17.05 (4.23–40.96) | 3.54 (0.89–8.95) | −0.45 (−0.45 to −0.44) | |
| Clostridium difficile | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | −0.00 (−0.00 to −0.00) | |
| Norovirus | 42.75 (14.17–89.68) | 9.2 (3.02–19.17) | −1.11 (−1.12 to −1.10) | |
| Adenovirus | 182.36 (104.36–288.12) | 43.1 (24.47–71.98) | −4.71 (−4.79 to −4.63) | |
| 1–2 years | Vibrio cholerae | 22.05 (18.04–27.06) | 4.93 (3.41–6.95) | −0.58 (−0.60 to −0.56) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 9.21 (0.00–26.42) | 2.14 (0.00–6.5) | −0.23 (−0.23 to −0.23) | |
| Shigella | 53.2 (27.47–88.29) | 14.32 (7.17–24.46) | −1.28 (−1.29 to −1.26) | |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | 24.28 (8.61–46.29) | 6.65 (2.51–12.62) | −0.59 (−0.61 to −0.58) | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 30.13 (14.72–54.09) | 7.64 (3.64–15.01) | −0.74 (−0.75 to −0.72) | |
| Campylobacter | 16.31 (2.68–41.62) | 2.96 (0.48–7.19) | −0.44 (−0.45 to −0.44) | |
| Entamoeba | 12.75 (5.45–25.13) | 2.62 (1.09–5.4) | −0.32 (−0.33 to −0.32) | |
| Cryptosporidium | 39.91 (18.32–73.82) | 10.81 (4.95–20.12) | −0.94 (−0.97 to −0.92) | |
| Rotavirus | 97.6 (67.12–134.72) | 18.33 (11.56–27.33) | −2.56 (−2.60 to −2.52) | |
| Aeromonas | 12.76 (4.86–25.52) | 2.62 (0.96–5.38) | −0.33 (−0.33 to −0.33) | |
| Clostridium difficile | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 0.00 (−0.00 – 0.00) | |
| Norovirus | 35.41 (5.09–66.56) | 7.47 (1.09–14.23) | −0.91 (−0.91 to −0.90) | |
| Adenovirus | 51.01 (24.04–96.47) | 11.59 (5.39–20.71) | −1.29 (−1.33 to −1.26) | |
| 2–4 years | Vibrio cholerae | 7.34 (5.59–9.34) | 1.71 (1.11–2.45) | −0.18 (−0.19 to −0.18) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 2.61 (0.00–7.64) | 0.6 (0.00–1.87) | −0.06 (−0.06 to −0.06) | |
| Shigella | 16.82 (7.91–28.91) | 4.2 (2.00–7.96) | −0.41 (−0.41 to −0.40) | |
| Enteropathogenic E coli | 5.7 (1.85–11.34) | 1.47 (0.49–2.98) | −0.14 (−0.14 to −0.14) | |
| Enterotoxigenic E coli | 8.93 (4.34–15.47) | 2.18 (1.00–4.13) | −0.22 (−0.22 to −0.22) | |
| Campylobacter | 5.16 (0.85–13.21) | 0.82 (0.13–2.05) | −0.14 (−0.14 to −0.14) | |
| Entamoeba | 4.11 (1.87–8.12) | 0.78 (0.33–1.61) | −0.11 (−0.11 to −0.11) | |
| Cryptosporidium | 11.76 (5.81–20.97) | 3.05 (1.38–5.61) | −0.28 (−0.28 to −0.27) | |
| Rotavirus | 28.64 (18.74–39.96) | 4.64 (2.74–7.36) | −0.78 (−0.79 to −0.76) | |
| Aeromonas | 3.76 (1.52–7.14) | 0.71 (0.28–1.38) | −0.10 (−0.10 to −0.10) | |
| Clostridium difficile | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | |
| Norovirus | 10.83 (1.59–20.77) | 2.06 (0.28–4.12) | −0.28 (−0.28 to −0.28) | |
| Adenovirus | 15.09 (7.91–28.6) | 2.88 (1.34–5.68) | −0.39 (−0.40 to −0.38) |
Abbreviations: AAPC, average annual percent change; CI, confidence interval; UI, uncertainty interval.