Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample.
| Total (N = 314) n/N ( %) |
LA (N = 227) n/N ( %) |
SSA (N = 44) n/N ( %) |
NA (N = 11) n/N ( %) |
Other areas of birth (N = 32) n/N ( %) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 314 | 227 (72.3) | 44 (14.0) | 11 (3.5) | 32 (10.2) | |
| Sex (Female) | 196/314 (62.4) | 169/227 (74.5) | 10/44 (22.7) | 3/11 (27.3) | 14/32 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (mean, SD) (n = 314) | 39.4 (0.7) | 39.7 (12.9) | 39.7 (10.3) | 37.0 (9.1) | 38.3 (13.2) | 0.169^ |
| Age categories | ||||||
| 18–39 years | 168/314 (53.5) | 123/227 (54.2) | 20/44 (45.5) | 7/11 (63.6) | 18/32 (56.3) | 0.628 |
| ≥40 years | 146/314 (46.5) | 104/227 (45.8) | 24/44 (54.5) | 4/11 (36.4) | 14/32 (43.8) | |
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary studies or illiteracy | 48/307 (15.6) | 26/225 (11.6) | 18/41 (43.9) | 3/11 (27.3) | 1/30 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Secondary studies | 153/307 (49.8) | 117/225 (52.0) | 20/41 (48.8) | 3/11 (27.3) | 13/30 (43.3) | |
| Higher studies | 106/307 (34.5) | 82/225 (36.4) | 3/41 (7.3) | 5/11 (45.5) | 16/30 (53.3) | |
| Professional categories | ||||||
| Unemployed | 59/309 (19.1) | 43/226 (19.0) | 6/42 (14.3) | 3/11 (27.3) | 7/30 (23.3) | 0.639 |
| Employed | 250/309 (80.9) | 183/226 (81.0) | 36/42 (85.7) | 8/11 (72.7) | 23/30 (76.7) | |
| Living area in country of birth | ||||||
| Urban | 180/308 (58.4) | 132/226 (58.4) | 21/41 (51.2) | 7/11 (63.6) | 20/30 (66.7) | 0.048 |
| Rural | 57/308 (18.5) | 34/226 (15.0) | 14/41 (34.2) | 2/11 (18.2) | 7/30 (23.3) | |
| Both | 71/ 308 (23.1) | 60/226 (26.6) | 6/41 (14.6) | 2/11 (18.2) | 3/30 (10.0) | |
| Contact with lakes or rivers in country of birth | 178/308 (57.8) | 132/226 (58.4) | 25/41 (61.0) | 5/11 (45.5) | 16/30 (53.3) | 0.769 |
| Contact with animals in country of birth | 208/297 (70.0) | 160/216 (74.1) | 28/41 (68.3) | 5/11 (45.5) | 15/29 (51.7) | 0.023 |
| Transportation | ||||||
| Earth | 6/309 (1.9) | 0/227 (0.0) | 2/41 (4.9) | 2/11 (18.2) | 2/30 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Air | 275/309 (89.0) | 225/227 (99.1) | 21/41 (51.2) | 3/11 (27.3) | 26/30 (86.7) | |
| Sea | 11/309 (3.6) | 0/227 (0.0) | 7/41 (17.1) | 4/11 (36.4) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Earth and Air | 6/309 (1.9) | 1/227 (0.4) | 2/41 (4.9) | 1/11 (9.1) | 2/30 (6.7) | |
| Earth and Sea | 6/309 (1.9) | 0/227 (0.0) | 5/41 (12.2) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Air and Sea | 2/309 (0.7) | 1/227 (0.4) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Earth, Air and Sea | 3/309 (1.0) | 0/227 (0.0) | 3/41 (7.3) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| In transit countries | ||||||
| None | 148/304 (14.7) | 120/224 (53.6) | 13/39 (33.3) | 6/11 (54.6) | 9/30 (30.0) | 0.004 |
| 1 country | 102/304 (33.5) | 74/224 (33.0) | 11/39 (28.2) | 3/11 (27.3) | 14/30 (46.7) | |
| ≥2 countries | 54/304 (17.8) | 30/224 (13.4) | 15/39 (38.5) | 2/11 (18.2) | 7/30 (23.3) | |
| Suffered violence† | 39/298 (13.1) | 36/218 (16.5) | 2/39 (5.1) | 0/11 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | 0.045 |
| Sexual violence | 5/298 (1.7) | 4/218 (1.8) | 1/39 (1.6) | - | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Physical violence | 21/298 (7.1) | 18/218 (8.3) | 2/39 (5.1) | - | 1/30 (3.3) | |
| Human trafficking | 1/298 (0.3) | 1/218 (0.5) | 0/39 (0.0) | - | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Other types of violence | 17/298 (5.7) | 17/218 (7.8) | 0/39 (0.0) | - | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 1/298 (0.3) | 1/218 (0.5) | 0/39 (0.0) | - | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Time residing in Spain in years | ||||||
| <5 years | 156/309 (50.5) | 130/226 (57.5) | 8/41 (19.5) | 4/11 (36.4) | 14/31 (45.2) | <0.001 |
| ≥5 years | 153/309 (49.5) | 96/226 (42.5) | 33/41 (80.5) | 7/11 (63.6) | 17/31 (54.8) | |
| Unsafe sexual practices | 54/308 (17.5) | 37/226 (16.4) | 11/41 (26.8) | 1/11 (9.1) | 5/30 (16.7) | 0.406 |
| Hard drug users+ | 7/307 (2.3) | 6/224 (2.7) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/31 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Cannabis users | 15/307 (4.9) | 12/224 (5.4) | 2/41 (4.9) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0/31 (0.0) | 0.441 |
| Alcohol consumers | 117/307 (38.1) | 100/225 (44.4) | 6/40 (15.0) | 1/11 (9.1) | 10/31 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 255/307 (83.1) | 194/224 (86.6) | 26/41 (63.4) | 9/11 (81.8) | 26/31 (83.9) | 0.013 |
| Smoker | 38/307 (12.4) | 21/224 (9.4) | 10/41 (24.4) | 2/11 (18.2) | 5/31 (16.1) | |
| Ex-smoker | 14/307 (4.6) | 9/224 (4.0) | 5/41 (12.2) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/31 (0.0) | |
| Comorbidities† | ||||||
| Any comorbidity | 84/308 (27.3) | 67/226 (29.7) | 10/41 (24.4) | 1/11 (9.1) | 6/30 (20.0) | 0.381 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13/308 (4.2) | 10/226 (4.4) | 3/41 (7.3) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Chronic neoplasm | 2/308 (0.7) | 2/226 (0.9) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| HIV | 2/308 (0.7) | 1/226 (0.4) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 2/308 (0.7) | 2/226 (0.9) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1/308 (0.3) | 1/226 (0.4) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 3/308 (1.0) | 3/226 (1.3) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Chronic nephropathy | 3/308 (1.0) | 2/226 (0.9) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Other chronic diseases | 68/308 (22.1) | 53/226 (23.5) | 8/41 (19.5) | 1/11 (9.1) | 6/30 (20.0) | |
| Unknown | 1/308 (0.3) | 1/226 (0.4) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Previous TB episode | 7/294 (2.4) | 5/218 (2.3) | 1/35 (2.9) | 0/11 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | 0.622 |
| Immunosuppression status | 6/308 (2.0) | 5/226 (2.2) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Transplant | 1/308 (0.3) | 1/226 (0.4) | 0/41 (0.0) | - | - | |
| Oncological/hematological neoplasm | 1/308 (0.3) | 1/226 (0.4) | 0/41 (0.0) | - | - | |
| Autoimmune diseases | 2/308 (0.7) | 2/226 (0.9) | 0/41 (0.0) | - | - | |
| HIV Immunodeficiency | 2/308 (0.7) | 1/226 (0.4) | 1/41 (2.4) | - | - | |
| Symptoms† | 89/308 (28.9) | 64/226 (28.3) | 12/41 (29.3) | 4/11 (36.4) | 9/30 (30.0) | 0.931 |
| Respiratory | 17/308 (5.5) | 10/226 (4.4) | 2/41 (4.8) | 2/11 (18.2) | 3/30 (10.0) | |
| Cutaneous | 11/308 (3.6) | 7/226 (3.1) | 3/41 (7.3) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Digestive | 49/308 (15.9) | 36/226 (15.9) | 8/41 (19.5) | 0/11 (0.0) | 5/30 (15.7) | |
| Systemic | 5/308 (1.6) | 3/226 (1.3) | 1/41 (2.4) | 0/11 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | |
| Neurological | 5/308 (1.6) | 5/226 (2.2) | 0/41 (0.0) | 0/11 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Others | 10/308 (3.3) | 7/226 (3.1) | 2/41 (4.9) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Current medication† | 103/298 (34.6) | 78/218 (35.8) | 14/40 (35.0) | 3/10 (30.0) | 8/30 (26.7) | 0.823 |
| Antibiotics | 22/298 (7.4) | 16/218 (7.3) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/10 (20.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Corticosteroids | 8/298 (2.7) | 7/218 (3.2) | 0/40 (0.0) | 0/10 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | |
| Immunosuppressants | 1/298 (0.3) | 1/218 (0.5) | 0/40 (0.0) | 0/10 (0.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Proton-pump inhibitor | 8/298 (2.7) | 4/218 (1.8) | 2/40 (5.0) | 2/10 (20.0) | 0/30 (0.0) | |
| Statins | 7/298 (2.4) | 5/218 (2.3) | 1/40 (2.5) | 0/10 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | |
| Antihypertensives | 32/298 (10.7) | 21/218 (9.6) | 6/40 (15.0) | 1/10 (10.0) | 4/30 (13.3) | |
| Others | 54/298 (18.1) | 44/218 (20.2) | 7/40 (17.5) | 1/10 (10.0) | 2/30 (6.7) | |
| Unknown | 1/298 (0.3) | 0/218 (0.0) | 0/40 (0.0) | 0/10 (0.0) | 1/30 (3.3) | |
LA: Latin America and the Caribbean, SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa, NA: Northern Africa, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, TB: Tuberculosis;.
Not all questionnaires were fully responded during the interviews explaining why the denominators of the variables vary.
†
Categories are not mutually exclusive.
+
Hard drug users include cocaine and other recreational drugs users.
⁎
p-values of the bivariate analysis with Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.
^
p-value was estimated with the one-way ANOVA test.