Table 4.
Associations between the social determinants of health and exposure to an HBV infection.
| Exposure to an HBV infection (N = 284) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model |
||||
| n/N (%) | p-value* | OR (95 % CI) | aOR (95 % CI) | p-value^ | |
| Area of birth | |||||
| LA | 4/207 (1.9) | <0.001 | reference | reference | <0.001 |
| SSA | 30/41 (73.2) | 119.9 (37.8–380.4) | 87.9 (19.3–401.1) | ||
| NA | 0/8 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.1–53.5) | 0.6 (0.0–16.9) | ||
| Other areas of birth | 6/28 (21.4) | 13.1 (3.6–46.9) | 13.0 (2.9–58.8) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 31/109 (28.4) | <0.001 | reference | reference | 0.058 |
| Female | 9/175 (5.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.3 (0.1–1.0) | ||
| Age categories | |||||
| 18–39 years | 13/147 (8.8) | 0.009 | reference | reference | 0.032 |
| ≥40 years | 27/137 (19.7) | 2.5 (1.2–5.0) | 3.9 (1.1–13.6) | ||
| Education level1 | 0.3 | ||||
| Primary studies or illiteracy | 18/40 (45.0) | <0.001 | reference | reference | 0.012 |
| Secondary studies | 13/140 (9.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.5) | ||
| Higher studies | 6/97 (6.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | ||
| Professional categories2 | |||||
| Unemployed | 5/52 (9.6) | 0.501 | reference | – | – |
| Employed | 33/227 (14.5) | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | |||
| In transit countries3 | |||||
| None | 14/132 (10.6) | 0.274 | reference | – | – |
| 1 country | 12/96 (12.5) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | |||
| ≥2 countries | 9/46 (19.6) | 2.1 (0.8–5.1) | |||
| Suffered violence4 | |||||
| No | 32/231 (13.9) | 0.190 | reference | – | – |
| Yes | 2/37 (5.4) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | |||
| Time residing in Spain in years5 | |||||
| <5 years | 4/135 (3.0) | <0.001 | reference | reference | 0.034 |
| ≥5 years | 33/144 (22.9) | 8.8 (3.2–24.2) | 4.2 (1.1–16.0) | ||
| Unsafe sexual practices6 | |||||
| No | 28/228 (12.3) | 0.356 | reference | – | – |
| Yes | 9/50 (18.0) | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | |||
| Hard drug users+,7 | |||||
| No | 35/270 (13.0) | 0.627 | reference | – | – |
| Yes | 1/7 (14.3) | 1.5 (0.3–9.4) | |||
| Cannabis users8 | |||||
| No | 35/263 (13.3) | 1.000 | reference | ||
| Yes | 1/14 (7.1) | 0.7 (0.1–4.0) | |||
| Comorbidities9 | |||||
| No | 26/202 (12.9) | 0.697 | reference | – | – |
| Yes | 11/76 (14.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | |||
| Immunosuppression status10 | |||||
| No | 36/273 (13.2) | 0.513 | reference | – | – |
| Yes | 1/5 (20.0) | 2.2 (0.3–14.2) | |||
HBV: Hepatitis B virus, LA: Latin America and the Caribbean, SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa, NA: Northern Africa, OR: odds ratio, aOR: adjusted odds ratio;.
Not all questionnaires were fully responded during the interviews explaining why the denominators of the variables vary.
Variables not considered in the final model.
The multivariate model was adjusted by area of birth, sex, age, education level and time residing in Spain in years.
Hard drug users include cocaine and other recreational drugs users.
p-value of the bivariate analysis with Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.
p-value of the adjusted model;
7 missing values.
5 missing values.
10 missing values.
16 missing values.
5 missing values.
6 missing values.
7 missing values.
7 missing values.
6 missing values.
6 missing values.