Table 2.

Summary of identified hidden curriculum assessment tools

Name of Tool	Original Authors	Target Demographic	Development Method	Domains	Contents
Communication, Curriculum, and Culture (C3) Instrument	Haidet, Kelly, and Chou 200543	Medical Students North America	Literature review, group consensus using modified Delphi technique, focus groups with target group and psychometrician	Role modeling Student experience Course characteristics Support for patient centered behaviours Student perception of patient centeredness	29 items scored on either a 5- or 7-point Likert scale Both positive and negative items
Implicit Curriculum Survey (ICS)	Grady et al. 201140	Social Work Students North America	Literature review and group consensus	Field placement Academics Community Diversity Faculty advising Support services	67 quantitative items scored on a 5-point Likert scale, along with 15 qualitative items Neutral items
N/A	Billings et al. 20114	Internal Medicine Resident Physicians North America	Partially used pre-existing Maslach Burnout Inventory, as well as literature review and focus groups	Burnout Cynicism Hidden curriculum	20 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale Negative items only
Hidden Informal Curriculum Assessment Tool (HICAT)	McGurgan, Carmody, and Tregonning 2015	Medical Students Australia	Unknown (original publication not available)	N/A	20 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale 10 positive and 10 negative items
N/A	Smith and Castanelli 201544	Anesthesia Resident Physicians Australia	Literature review, pilot with convenience group of trainees, focus group with academic physicians	Social atmosphere Supervision Workplace-based learning Formal teaching	38 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale Neutral items
Limited English Proficiency-Hidden Curriculum (LEP-HC)	Green et al. 201847	Medical Students North America	Based on thematic analysis conducted from prior semi-structured interviews	Role modeling Structural factors Learning environment Organizational culture	23 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale
Vienna Hidden Curriculum (VHC)	Ludwig et al. 201848	Medical Students Europe	Literature review	Teaching and learning Professionalism and communication Hierarchy and integration Social spheres and dignity/appreciation	40 items scored on a non-dichotomous ordinal scale ranging from -3 to +3 Neutral items
N/A	Kaldjian et al. 201949	Medical Students, Resident Physicians, Faculty Physicians North America	Content analysis on initial pilot survey using closed- and open-ended questions	N/A	27 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale Neutral items
Hidden Curriculum Evaluation Scale in Nursing Education (HCES-N)	Akçakoca and Orgun 202145	Nursing Students Asia	Literature review, group consensus between faculty members, pilot study with students	School atmosphere Professional acquisitions Student-teacher-school interaction	43 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale Both positive and negative items