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. 2024 Nov 11;11:1430280. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1430280

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Copyright © 2024 Sun, Zhang and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mendelian randomization between BMI, HC, WC, WHR, and constipation. (A) Causal effects of BMI, HC, WC, and WHR on constipation in a European population. (B) Causal effects of constipation on BMI, HC, WC, and WHR in a European population. (C) Causal effects of BMI, HC, WC, and WHR on constipation in an East Asian population. MR-Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighted, simple mode, and weighted mode estimates of Mendelian randomization (MR) are summarized. CI, Confidence interval; nSNP, Number of single nucleotide polymorphism; OR, Odds ratio; BMI, Body mass index; HC, Hip circumference; WC, Waist circumference; WHR, Waist-to-hip ratio.