Table 3.
Association analysis for factors related to MMSE and MoCA scores in study participants.
| Variable | Category | MMSE (n = 849) | p | MoCA (n = 839) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤23, n = 106 (12.5%) | ≥24, n = 743 (87.5%) | ≤22, n = 372 (44.3%) | ≥23, n = 467 (55.7%) | ||||
| Sex | Male | 32 (7.6) | 387 (92.4) | <0.0001 | 165 (39.9) | 249 (60.1) | 0.010 |
| Female | 74 (17.2) | 356 (82.8) | 207 (48.7) | 218 (51.3) | |||
| Age (years, category) | 59–64 | 22 (6.1) | 338 (93.9) | <0.0001 | 120 (33.6) | 237 (66.4) | <0.0001 |
| 65–69 | 37 (14.7) | 215 (85.3) | 120 (47.8) | 131 (52.2) | |||
| ≥70 | 47 (19.8) | 190 (80.2) | 132 (57.1) | 99 (42.9) | |||
| Education level | ≤Elementary school | 72 (25.5) | 210 (74.5) | <0.0001 | 172 (61.6) | 107 (38.4) | <0.0001 |
| ≥Middle school | 33 (5.9) | 531 (94.1) | 200 (35.7) | 360 (64.3) | |||
| Alcohol drinking | Never alcohol drinker | 68 (14.4) | 406 (85.6) | 0.028 | 212 (45.3) | 256 (54.7) | 0.087 |
| Past alcohol drinker | 7 (20.6) | 27 (79.4) | 20 (60.6) | 13 (39.4) | |||
| Current alcohol drinker | 31 (9.1) | 310 (90.9) | 140 (41.4) | 198 (58.6) | |||
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 80 (15.6) | 434 (84.4) | 0.001 | 243 (47.8) | 265 (52.2) | 0.026 |
| Past smoker | 17 (6.5) | 245 (93.5) | 97 (37.6) | 161 (62.4) | |||
| Current smoker | 9 (12.3) | 64 (87.7) | 32 (43.8) | 41 (56.2) | |||
| Subjective health status | Good | 36 (12.0) | 263 (88.0) | 0.001 | 110 (37.4) | 184 (62.6) | <0.0001 |
| Fair | 32 (8.9) | 326 (91.1) | 151 (42.5) | 204 (57.5) | |||
| Bad | 38 (19.8) | 154 (80.2) | 111 (58.4) | 79 (41.6) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 2.9 | 0.030 | 24.8 ± 3.0 | 24.7 ± 2.9 | 0.695 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.9 ± 17.9 | 119.6 ± 15.9 | 0.046 | 122.0 ± 18.0 | 118.5 ± 14.5 | 0.002 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.5 ± 10.5 | 74.5 ± 8.8 | 0.268 | 75.0 ± 9.6 | 74.4 ± 8.5 | 0.311 | |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 40.1 ± 6.6 | 43.1 ± 7.5 | 0.001 | 41.8 ± 7.4 | 43.4 ± 7.4 | 0.002 | |
| HbA1c (%, category) | ≤5.6 | 31 (9.1) | 308 (90.9) | 0.001 | 143 (42.7) | 192 (57.3) | 0.086 |
| 5.7–6.4 | 45 (12.2) | 324 (87.8) | 156 (42.6) | 210 (57.4) | |||
| ≥6.5 | 30 (21.3) | 111 (78.7) | 73 (52.9) | 65 (47.1) | |||
| HbA1c (%, continuous) | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 0.034 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 110.8 ± 43.4 | 102.5 ± 28.9 | 0.011 | 105.9 ± 35.4 | 101.7 ± 27.3 | 0.053 | |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 13.7 ± 24.8 | 10.1 ± 14.8 | 0.036 | 10.7 ± 14.1 | 10.5 ± 18.1 | 0.865 | |
| Hb (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.2 | 13.7 ± 1.3 | 0.007 | 13.6 ± 1.3 | 13.7 ± 1.3 | 0.216 | |
| TC (mg/dL) | 197.8 ± 37.2 | 197.5 ± 38.3 | 0.949 | 196.0 ± 38.0 | 198.9 ± 38.4 | 0.277 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.9 ± 11.4 | 44.2 ± 10.7 | 0.789 | 44.3 ± 11.0 | 44.1 ± 10.7 | 0.878 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 141.4 ± 70.4 | 138.4 ± 73.4 | 0.692 | 140.6 ± 75.2 | 137.0 ± 71.6 | 0.482 | |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 14.8 ± 4.5 | 14.8 ± 5.4 | 0.895 | 14.8 ± 5.5 | 14.7 ± 5.1 | 0.702 | |
Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM). MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Hb, hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.