Table 4.

Short-term Clinical Parameters of Patients who Underwent Rectal Cancer Surgery

Clinical Parameter	R (n=15)	L (n=15)	O (n=15)	p-value
Length of stay (days)	Mean 9.53	Mean 10.00	Mean 7.20	0.0002
	Range 4-18	Range 5-19	Range 5-13
	SD ±3.42	SD ±3.48	SD ±2.40
	Bonferroni multiple comparison
	R > O (p-value 0.04)
	L > O (p-value 0.017)
	R vs L (p-value 0.81)
Post-operative length of stay (days)	Mean 6.80	Mean 7.67	Mean 3.87	0.0225
	Range 3-16	Range 3-18	Range 5-8
	SD ±3.26	SD ±3.60	SD ±1.85
	Bonferroni multiple comparison
	R > O (p-value 0.01)
	L > O (p-value 0.0015)
	R vs L (p-value 0.71)
Post-operative morbidity (30 days)
Clavien-Dindo Classification Grade I Ileus	3 (20.00%)	2 (13.33%)	2 (13.33%)	-
Clavien-Dindo Classification Grade II UTI	1 (6.67%)	0 (0%)	1 (6.67%)	-
Clavien-Dindo Classification Grade IIIB Leak	1 (6.67%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-
None	10 (66.67%)	13 (86.67%)	11 (73.33%)	-
Reoperation rate	1/15 (6.67%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-
Post-operative mortality (30 days)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-

R – robot-assisted rectal surgery; L – laparoscopic surgery; O – open surgery

Clavien – Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications¹¹

Grade I Any deviation from normal post-operative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside.

Grade II Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included.

Grade III Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention.

Grade IIIA Intervention not under general anesthesia.

Grade IIIB Intervention under general anesthesia.