Table 1. Characteristics of the study population according to glycemic status and duration of T2DM.
| | | Normal | Prediabetes | T2DM | p * | No T2DM | T2DM <5 y | T2DM ≥5 y | p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1158) | (n = 272) | (n = 176) | (n = 1430) | (n = 126) | (n = 50) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 611 (52.8%) | 112 (41.2%) | 74 (42.1%) | <0.001 | 723 (50.6%) | 53 (42.1%) | 21 (42.0%) | 0.10 |
| Female | 547 (47.2%) | 160 (58.8%) | 102 (57.9%) | 707 (49.4%) | 73 (57.9%) | 29 (58.0%) | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| <40 years | 372 (32.1%) | 54 (19.9%) | 14 (7.9%) | <0.001 | 426 (29.8%) | 13 (10.3%) | 1 (2.0%) | <0.001 |
| 40–49 years | 353 (30.5%) | 81 (29.8%) | 45 (25.6%) | 434 (30.4%) | 38 (30.2%) | 7 (14.0%) | ||
| 50–59 years | 264 (22.8%) | 76 (27.9%) | 69 (39.2%) | 340 (23.8%) | 47 (37.3%) | 22 (44.0%) | ||
| >60 years | 169 (14.6%) | 61 (22.4%) | 48 (27.3%) | 230 (16.0%) | 28 (22.2%) | 20 (40.0%) | ||
| Education level | ||||||||
| Primary | 336 (29.0%) | 102 (37.5%) | 80 (45.4%) | <0.001 | 438 (30.6%) | 54 (42.9%) | 26 (52.0%) | 0.001 |
| Secondary | 558 (48.2%) | 116 (42.7%) | 73 (41.5%) | 674 (47.1%) | 55 (43.6%) | 18 (36.0%) | ||
| Superior | 264 (22.8%) | 54 (19.8%) | 23 (13.1%) | 318 (22.3%) | 17 (13.5%) | 6 (12.0%) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Low | 370 (32.0%) | 100 (36.8%) | 68 (38.6%) | 0.30 | 470 (32.9%) | 48 (38.2%) | 20 (40.0%) | 0.60 |
| Middle | 408 (35.2%) | 89 (32.7%) | 53 (30.1%) | 497 (34.7%) | 39 (30.9%) | 14 (28.0%) | ||
| High | 380 (32.8%) | 83 (30.5%) | 55 (31.3%) | 463 (32.4%) | 39 (30.9%) | 16 (32.0%) | ||
| Currently working | ||||||||
| No | 330 (28.5%) | 109 (40.1%) | 78 (44.3%) | <0.001 | 439 (30.7%) | 52 (41.3%) | 26 (52.0%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 828 (71.5%) | 163 (59.9%) | 98 (55.7%) | 991 (63.3%) | 74 (58.7%) | 24 (48.0%) | ||
| Daily tobacco use | ||||||||
| No | 1086 (93.8%) | 260 (95.6%) | 168 (95.5%) | 0.40 | 1346 (94.1%) | 121 (96.0%) | 47 (94.0%) | 0.68 |
| Yes | 72 (6.2%) | 12 (4.4%) | 8 (4.5%) | 84 (5.9%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (6.0%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Never | 453 (39.1%) | 128 (47.0%) | 104 (59.1%) | <0.001 | 581 (40.6%) | 70 (55.6%) | 34 (68%) | <0.001 |
| ≤1 time/month | 577 (49.8%) | 131 (48.2%) | 61 (34.7%) | 708 (49.5%) | 46 (36.5%) | 15 (30.0%) | ||
| >1 time/ month | 128 (11.1) | 13 (4.8%) | 11 (6.2%) | 141 (9.9%) | 10 (7.9%) | 1 (2.0%) | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||
| <1 per day | 547 (47.2%) | 133 (48.9%) | 86 (48.9%) | 0.84 | 680 (47.6%) | 62 (49.2%) | 24 (48.0%) | 0.94 |
| ≥1 per day | 611 (52.8%) | 139 (51.1%) | 90 (51.1%) | 750 (52.4%) | 64 (50.8%) | 26 (52.0%) | ||
| Consumption of processed sugars | ||||||||
| Never | 561 (48.4%) | 128 (47.1%) | 119 (67.6%) | <0.001 | 689 (48.2%) | 80 (63.5%) | 39 (78.0%) | <0.001 |
| ≤1 time/week | 376 (32.5%) | 103 (37.9%) | 33 (18.8%) | 479 (33.5%) | 24 (19.0%) | 9 (18.0%) | ||
| >1 time/week | 221 (19.1%) | 41 (15.0%) | 24 (13.6%) | 262 (18.3%) | 22 (17.5%) | 2 (4.0%) | ||
| Physical activity levels | ||||||||
| Moderate/high | 743 (64.2%) | 165 (60.7%) | 94 (53.4%) | 0.019 | 908 (63.5%) | 74 (58.7%) | 20 (40.0%) | 0.002 |
| Low | 415 (35.8%) | 107 (39.3%) | 82 (46.6%) | 522 (36.5%) | 52 (41.3%) | 30 (60.0%) | ||
| Body mass index | ||||||||
| Normal | 341 (29.5%) | 47 (17.3%) | 37 (21.0%) | <0.001 | 388 (27.1%) | 20 (15.9%) | 17 (34.0%) | 0.06 |
| Overweight | 514 (44.4%) | 111 (40.8%) | 81 (46.0%) | 625 (43.7%) | 62 (49.2%) | 19 (38.0%) | ||
| Obesity | 303 (26.1%) | 114 (41.9%) | 58 (33.0%) | 417 (29.2%) | 44 (34.9%) | 14 (28.0%) | ||
* Comparisons were done using Chi-squared test