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. 2024 Nov 24;28:23312165241287391. doi: 10.1177/23312165241287391

Table 1.

Cross-Sectional Studies, Risk of Bias Analysis (n = 50).

Assessment Setting described in detail? Exposure measured in a valid/reliable way? Objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? Confounding factors identified? Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
Yes 39 50 50 47 42 48 50
No 2 0 0 3 1 2 0
Unclear 9 0 0 0 7 0 0