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. 2024 Nov 25;24:783. doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06974-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Characterization of the metabolite biomarkers. (A) The structural identification of the 12 metabolites by MS/MS fragmentation against reference compound standards. Measured MS/MS spectral fragmentation profiles (top, black lines) matching chemical standards (bottom, red lines). (B) PTB metabolite biomarkers with unique urinary abundance patterns along gestation. The mean levels (solid lines) with the 95% CIs (dotted lines) of the metabolite changes against the gestational progression of the 8th and 24th weeks are shown for preterm (red) and full-term (blue) births