Table 1.
Participants characteristics
| Study | Study Design | Total (N) | Age (yrs) | Gender | Disease Duration (yrs) | LEDD (mg) | Motor Function | Cognitive Function | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H&Y | UPDRS-3 | MMSE | MoCA | |||||||
| Broeder 2023 | Parallel | Trt: 20 | 62.9 ± 8.3 | 3 F, 17 M | 3.5 (2.8, 8.0) | 588.4 ± 379.0 | 2.0 (2.0, 3.0) | 23.4 ± 12.1 | NA | 28.0 (25.3, 29.0) |
| Con: 19 | 63.5 ± 8.5 | 5 F, 14 M | 6.0 (4.0, 9.0) | 748.8 ± 381.8 | 2.0 (2.0, 3.0) | 29.1 ± 12.1 | 28.0 (25.0, 29.0) | |||
| Bueno 2023 | Parallel | Trt 1: 12 | 63.9 ± 11.9 | 5 F, 7 M | 5.1 ± 4.1 | 786.6 ± 707.1 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 36.7 ± 14.7 | 25.5 ± 3.9 | NA |
| Trt 2: 12 | 60.8 ± 10.6 | 3 F, 9 M | 5.2 ± 4.1 | 654.2 ± 350.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 29.5 ± 18.6 | 28.3 ± 2.0 | |||
| Con: 13 | 69.6 ± 6.2 | 5 F, 8 M | 6.5 ± 5.3 | 651.2 ± 460.6 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 28.5 ± 15.7 | 27.2 ± 2.5 | |||
| Chung 2020 | Parallel | Trt 1: 17 | 62.1 ± 5.7 | 8 F, 9 M | 7.5 ± 4.9 | 512.5 ± 359.9 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 27.1 ± 9.6 | NA | NA |
| Trt 2: 17 | 62.7 ± 6.8 | 7 F, 10 M | 5.2 ± 3.4 | 484.2 ± 336.4 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 10.5 | ||||
| Con: 16 | 62.1 ± 5.7 | 9 F, 7 M | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 493.3 ± 523.9 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 29.7 ± 10.6 | ||||
| Criminger 2018 | Crossover | Total: 16 | 68.1 ± 9.8 | 4 F, 12 M | 8.7 ± 9.8 | ‘ON’ state | NA | 23.4 ± 9.7 | NA | NA |
| Lench 2021 | Parallel | Trt: 12 | 66.6 ± 7.5 | 5 F, 7 M | 8.7 ± 7.1 | 1074.4 ± 493.9 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 16.8 ± 4.1 | 29.1 ± 1.2 | NA |
| Con: 8 | 64.5 ± 8.9 | 1 F, 7 M | 8.0 ± 5.6 | 1304.4 ± 757.3 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 6.0 | 28.4 ± 1.7 | |||
| Mishra 2021 | Crossover | Total: 20 | 67.8 ± 8.3 | 6 F, 14 M | 4.8 ± 3.8 | ‘ON’ state | 1.9 ± 0.9 | NA | NA | 26.1 ± 2.2 |
| Mishra 2022 | Crossover | Total: 20 | 67.8 ± 8.3 | 6 F, 14 M | 4.8 ± 3.8 | ‘ON’ state | 1.9 ± 0.9 | NA | NA | 26.1 ± 2.2 |
| Putzolu 2018 | Crossover | FOG: 10 | 70.1 ± 3.8 | 4 F, 6 M | 9.3 ± 5.5 | ‘ON’ state | NA | 20.1 ± 8.4 | 29.0 ± 1.9 | NA |
| Non-FOG: 10 | 72.8 ± 6.9 | 5 F, 5 M | 7.2 ± 5.2 | NA | 22.9 ± 8.1 | 29.1 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Schabrun 2016 | Parallel | Trt: 8 | 72.0 ± 4.9 | 0 F, 8 M | 6.9 ± 4.4 | 730.0 ± 341.0 | NA | 47.7 ± 7.5 | 29.0 ± 0.8 | NA |
| Con: 8 | 63.0 ± 11.0 | 2 F, 6 M | 4.6 ± 3.9 | 523.0 ± 398.0 | NA | 37.7 ± 9.8 | 29.7 ± 0.5 | |||
| Swank 2016 | Crossover | Total: 10 | 68.7 ± 10.2 | 2 F, 8 M | 7.9 ± 7.1 | ‘ON’ state | NA | 37.0 ± 12.9 | NA | NA |
| Wong 2022 | Parallel | Trt 1: 9 | 54.2 ± 4.1 | 1 F, 8 M | 7.8 ± 5.7 | 592.1 ± 208.2 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 33.2 ± 13.1 | 28.1 ± 1.8 | NA |
| Trt 2: 9 | 50.1 ± 2.4 | 3 F, 6 M | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 603.9 ± 357.3 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 25.6 ± 17.0 | 28.9 ± 1.8 | |||
| Trt 3: 9 | 61.3 ± 7.9 | 7 F, 2 M | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 468.2 ± 212.1 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 24.2 ± 9.9 | 27.3 ± 2.2 | |||
| Con: 9 | 58.3 ± 8.0 | 6 F, 3 M | 8.3 ± 12.3 | 426.1 ± 243.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 23.4 ± 14.7 | 28.9 ± 2 | |||
Data is mean ± standard deviations or median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile)
Abbreviation. LEDD = levodopa equivalent daily dose; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr scale; UPDRS-3 = unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; MoCA = Montreal cognitive assessment; Trt = treatment; Con = control; FOG = freezing of gait; F = female; M = male