Structure of the DMD, domain structure of dystrophin, and mutation location in this study. (a) Genomic organization of the DMD gene Dp427, cortical neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscles, and Purkinje cells; Dp260, brain, retina layer, and heart; Dp140, brain, retina, and kidneys; Dp116, Schwann cells; Dp71, brain, liver, heart, and retina. (b) Conserved domains of dystrophin protein. EFh_DMD, EF-hand-like motif found in dystrophin; SPEC, spectrin repeats; CH_SF, calponin homology domain found in dystrophin and similar proteins; ZZ, zinc finger; SMC, structural maintenance of chromosomes proteins; WW domains, two conserved tryptophan domains.