Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of study population across quartiles of total, plant, animal and the ratio of plant to animal protein intake (n = 479).
| Characteristics, mean (SD) or N (%) |
Total protein | p-value | Plant protein | P-value | Animal protein | P | the ratio of plant to animal protein | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 119) | Q4 (n = 119) | Q1 (n = 119) | Q4 (n = 120) | Q1 (n = 119) | Q4 (n = 120) | Q1 (n = 119) | Q4 (n = 120) | |||||
| BMI | 24.85 ± 5.63 | 24.28 ± 5.43 | 0.52 | 24.0 ± 5.0 | 24.0 ± 5.0 | 0.61 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 5 | 0.30 | 24.06 ± 5.28 | 24.74 ± 4.90 | 0.34 |
| Age, year | 58.18 ± 14.25 | 48.09 ± 15.04 | <0.001 | 56 ± 14 | 49 ± 15 | <0.001 | 56 ± 14 | 49 ± 14 | <0.001 | 52.0 ± 14.0 | 53.0 ± 14.0 | 0.29 |
| Frequency dialysis per week, time/week | 2.91 ± 0.60 | 2.79 ± 0.42 | 0.34 | 2.90 ± 0.59 | 2.77 ± 0.47 | 0.20 | 2.85 ± 0.54 | 2.78 ± 0.43 | 0.36 | 2.83 ± 0.55 | 2.80 ± 0.45 | 0.28 |
| Dialysis time, hours | 3.69 ± 0.46 | 3.65 ± 0.54 | 0.82 | 3.66 ± 0.49 | 3.70. ± 0.46 | 0.75 | 3.70 ± 0.47 | 3.65 ± 0.56 | 0.82 | 3.61 ± 0.52 | 3.69 ± 0.40 | 0.21 |
| Fluid intake, mL | 1071.47 ± 738.27 | 1368.17 ± 1026.38 | 0.03 | 1,037 ± 726 | 1,502 ± 1,489 | <0.001 | 1,196 ± 902 | 1,226 ± 714 | 0.39 | 1,062 ± 764 | 1,302 ± 1,379 | 0.27 |
| PA, met-min/wk | 177.62 ± 361.60 | 863.15 ± 2898.92 | 0.07 | 400 ± 2,554 | 653 ± 1,500 | 0.49 | 199 ± 414 | 682 ± 2,696 | 0.35 | 576 ± 2,695 | 256 ± 473 | 0.21 |
| Physical activity, N (%) | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.11 | ||||||||
| Low | 107 (89) | 87 (73) | 107 (89) | 87 (73) | 104 (87) | 94 (78) | 102 (85) | 99 (82) | ||||
| Moderate | 12 (10) | 27 (23) | 11 (9) | 29 (24) | 15 (12) | 23 (19) | 14 (11) | 21 (17) | ||||
| High | 0 (0) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Center type (N) (%) | 0.93 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.21 | ||||||||
| Governmental | 78 (65) | 75 (63) | 82 (68) | 73 (60) | 76 (63) | 80 (66) | 82 (68) | 68 (56) | ||||
| Private | 41 (34) | 44 (36) | 37 (31.1) | 47 (39) | 43 (36) | 40 (33) | 37 (31.1) | 52 (43) | ||||
| Male (N) (%) | 49 (41) | 93 (78) | <0.001 | 47 (39) | 93 (77) | <0.001 | 58 (69) | 89 (74) | <0.001 | 70 (58) | 70 (58) | 0.99 |
| SMOKER (N) (%) | 7(5) | 46 (9) | 0.12 | 7 (5) | 15 (12) | 0.37 | 7 (5) | 17 (14) | 0.18 | 12 (10) | 8 (6) | 0.49 |
| Urine volume, 500 mL > | 94 (78) | 79 (66) | 0.04 | 94 (78) | 74 (61) | 0.01 | 89 (74) | 75 (62) | 0.04 | 83 (69) | 84 (70) | 0.77 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 59 (49) | 40 (33) | 0.05 | 82 (68) | 83 (69) | 0.02 | 53 (44) | 45 (37) | 0.14 | 57 (47) | 53 (44) | 0.69 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 87 (73) | 86 (72) | 0.61 | 82 (68) | 83 (69) | 0.04 | 93 (78) | 94 (78) | 0.18 | 89 (74) | 92 (976) | 0.94 |
| Job, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.95 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 14 (11) | 23 (19) | 15 (12) | 26 (21) | 18 (15) | 24 (20) | 18 (15) | 18 (15) | ||||
| Housekeeper | 62 (52) | 23 (19) | 65 (54) | 26 (21) | 54 (45) | 26 (21) | 41 (33) | 46 (38) | ||||
| Retired | 27 (22) | 23 (19) | 24 (20) | 26 (21) | 27 (22) | 22 (18) | 27 (22) | 28 (23) | ||||
| Employee | 6 (5) | 17 (14) | 3 (2) | 15 (12) | 7 (5) | 11 (9) | 7 (5) | 11 (9) | ||||
| Self-employment | 7 (5) | 24 (20) | 9 (7) | 21 (17) | 9 (7) | 25 (20) | 18 (15) | 13 (10) | ||||
| Others | 3 (2) | 9 (7) | 3 (2) | 6 (5) | 4 (3) | 12 (10) | 8 (6) | 4 (3) | ||||
| Marital status, N (%) | 0.004 | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.61 | ||||||||
| Married | 97 (81) | 85 (71) | 94 (78) | 83 (69) | 96 (80) | 89 (73) | 87 (73) | 94 (78) | ||||
| Single | 11 (9) | 26 (21) | 14 (11) | 23 (19) | 12 (10.1) | 22 (18) | 20 (16) | 18 (15) | ||||
| Divorced | 3 (2) | 7 (5) | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 1 (0) | 9 (7) | 8 (6) | 3 (2) | ||||
| Dead spouse | 8 (6) | 1 (0) | 7 (5) | 7 (5) | 10 (8) | 1 (0) | 4 (3) | 5 (4) | ||||
| Education, N (%) | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.52 | ||||||||
| <12 years | 100 (84) | 84 (70) | 99 (83) | 87 (72) | 102 (85) | 89 (74) | 92 (77) | 96 (80) | ||||
| ≥12 years | 19 (15) | 35 (29) | 20 (16) | 33 (27) | 17 (14) | 31 (25) | 27 (22) | 24 (20) | ||||
| Income status, N (%) | 0.39 | 0.77 | 0.14 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| <5 million rials | 45 (37) | 39 (32) | 41 (34) | 38 (31) | 41 (34) | 40 (33) | 43 (36) | 38 (31) | ||||
| 5–10 million rials | 45 (37) | 37 (31.1) | 49 (41) | 42 (35) | 57 (47) | 43 (35) | 40 (33) | 47 (39) | ||||
| 10–20 million rials | 24 (20) | 32 (26) | 25 (21) | 31 (25) | 17 (14) | 26 (21) | 28 (23) | 28 (23) | ||||
| >20 million rials | 5 (4) | 11 (9) | 4 (3) | 9 (7) | 4 (3) | 11 (9) | 8 (6) | 7 (5) | ||||
| Medication prescriptions | ||||||||||||
| Calcium carbonate 500 mg, time/day | 1.19 ± 1 | 1.06 ± 1.80 | 0.29 | 1.12 ± 1.75 | 1.27 ± 1.71 | 0.29 | 1.26 ± 1.82 | 1.02 ± 1.60 | 0.32 | 1.04 ± 1.51 | 1.40 ± 1.78 | 0.27 |
| Sevelamer hydrochloride 800 mg, time/day | 0.70 ± 1.18 | 0.87 ± 1.49 | 0.55 | 0.67 ± 1.19 | 0.84 ± 1.46 | 0.34 | 0 ± 1 | 0 ± 1 | 0.78 | 0.84 ± 1.32 | 0.91 ± 1.55 | 0.04 |
| Calcitriol 0.25 mcg, time/day | 0.61 ± 0.98 | 0.50 ± 1.00 | 0.14 | 0.72 ± 1.13 | 0.67 ± 1.14 | 0.94 | 0 ± 1.03 | 0 ± 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.57 ± 1.01 | 0.60 ± 1.01 | 0.09 |
| Furosemide time/day | 0.35 ± 0.83 | 0.39 ± 0.93 | 0.49 | 0.42 ± 0.89 | 0.23 ± 0.61 | 0.04 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 1.06 | 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.98 | 0.25 ± 0.68 | 0.19 |
| Corticosteroids, N (%) | 7 (5) | 3 (2) | 0.62 | 7 (5) | 4 (3) | 0.46 | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.29 | 7 (5) | 5 (4) | 0.80 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, N (%) | 26 (21) | 13 (10) | 0.07 | 28 (23) | 14 (11) | 0.06 | 22 (18) | 17 (14) | 0.54 | 23 (19) | 20 (16) | 0.93 |
| Kt/V | 1.31 ± 0.56 | 1.15 ± 0.42 | 0.01 | 1.28 ± 0.53 | 1.13 ± 0.4 | 0.006 | 1.32 ± 0.61 | 1.14 ± 0.41 | 0.02 | 1.22 ± 0.55 | 1.27 ± 0.52 | 0.83 |
| URR (%) | 34.09 ± 31.57 | 40.79 ± 30.11 | 0.26 | 36.11 ± 30.62 | 36.55 ± 30.05 | 0.84 | 32.65 ± 31.34 | 41.28 ± 29.38 | 0.16 | 38.95 ± 30.3 | 33.61 ± 31.48 | 0.50 |
Data for quantitative variables are presented as means ± SD, obtained from ANOVA. Data for qualitative variables are presented as frequencies (percentages) and analyzed using chi-square tests. PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index.