Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents and parents with TS
| TS group | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mothers (n = 75) | Fathers (n = 63) | |
| Adolescents’ gender, n (%) | ||
| Male | 60 (80.0) | |
| Female | 15 (20.0) | |
| Adolescents’ age, mean (SD) | 14.8 (1.8) | |
| Time since first symptoms (years), mean (SD) | 8.1 (3.5) | |
| Time since diagnosis of TS (years), mean (SD) | 4.0 (3.0) | |
| Treatment reported for tics, n (%) | 54 (72.0) | |
| Neuroleptics/Antipsychotics | 51 (68.0) | |
| Others | 8 (10.7) | |
| Other treatment reported, n (%) | 19 (25.3) | |
| Antidepressants | 13 (17.3) | |
| Anxiolytics | 6 (8.0) | |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders | 4 (5.3) | |
| Sleep disorders | 3 (4.0) | |
| Actual symptoms reported by mothers, n (%) | ||
| ADHD | 41 (54.7) | |
| COD | 16 (21.3) | |
| Learning disabilities | 34 (45.3) | |
| Anxiety | 51 (68.0) | |
| Depression | 16 (21.3) | |
| Sleeping disorder | 23 (30.7) | |
| Medical monitoring for TS reported by mothers, n (%) | ||
| Psychiatrist or child psychiatrist | 34 (45.3) | |
| Psychologist | 28 (37.3) | |
| YGTSS scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Motor tics | 13.2 (4.8) | |
| Vocal tics | 9.4 (6.1) | |
| Overall impairment | 11.3 (13.7) | |
| Total | 33.9 (20.0) | |
| CY-BOCS scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Obsessions | 2.4 (4.6) | |
| Compulsions | 3.6 (5.1) | |
| Total | 6.0 (9.0) | |
| MOVES scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Motor tics | 5.4 (2.8) | |
| Vocal tics | 2.9 (3.0) | |
| Obsessions | 2.1 (2.5) | |
| Compulsions | 3.0 (2.4) | |
| Other associated symptoms | 1.2 (2.0) | |
| Total | 14.2 (9.3) | |
| CBCL scores reported by parents | ||
| Total problems, mean (SD) | 53.6 (25.0) | 44.1 (23.1) |
| Borderline or clinical range, n (%) | 41 (57.7) | 25 (41.7) |
| Internalizing symptoms, mean (SD) | 17.6 (8.9) | 14.8 (8.9) |
| Borderline or clinical range, n (%) | 45 (61.6) | 32 (52.5) |
| Externalizing symptoms, mean (SD) | 14.3 (9.0) | 11.0 (6.9) |
| Borderline or clinical range, n (%) | 33 (44.0) | 21 (33.3) |
| Parents’ age (years), mean (SD) | 44.1 (4.7) | 47.1 (6.2) |
| Parents’ marital status, n (%) | ||
| Single | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.6) |
| Married/living with partner | 64 (85.3) | 58 (92.1) |
| Separated/divorced | 9 (12.0) | 4 (6.3) |
| Widowed | 1 (1.3) | 0 |
| Parents’ level of education, n (%) | ||
| Lower than or equal to high school | 44 (58.7) | 37 (58.7) |
| Superior to high school | 31 (41.3) | 25 (40.3) |
| Family size, mean (SD) | 4.0 (0.9) | 3.9 (1.2) |
| Health problems, n (%) | 23 (30.7) | 20 (31.7) |
| Medical treatment, n (%) | 29 (39.2) | 19 (30.2) |
| Antidepressants | 10 (13.3) | 5 (7.9) |
| Anxiolytics | 6 (8.0) | 1 (1.6) |
| Hypnotics | 2 (2.7) | 0 |
| Others | 19 (25.3) | 14 (22.2) |
| SF-36 scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Physical functioning | 87.2 (16.6) | 95.2 (6.2) |
| Role physical | 78.1 (32.3) | 82.4 (26.6) |
| Bodily pain | 74.5 (25.3) | 82.5 (17.4) |
| Vitality | 46.2 (18.7) | 61.1 (14.9) |
| Mental health | 56.0 (19.7) | 66.8 (19.1) |
| Role emotional | 68.0 (40.7) | 83.0 (30.1) |
| Social functioning | 70.1 (24.6) | 79.2 (22.2) |
| General health | 65.7 (15.7) | 70.1 (15.5) |
| WHOQOL-BREF scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Physical health | 70.5 (18.0) | 79.1 (12.7) |
| Psychological health | 60.3 (17.8) | 62.9 (14.9) |
| Social relationships | 65.4 (18.7) | 60.0 (24.6) |
| Environment | 68.2 (16.0) | 69.5 (15.9) |
| Anxiety | ||
| HADS-A score, mean (SD) | 8.4 (4.1) | 6.8 (3.7) |
| Possible or probable clinical case, n (%) | 42 (56.0) | 20 (31.7) |
| Depression | ||
| HADS-D score, mean (SD) | 5.7 (3.7) | 4.8 (4.2) |
| Possible or probable clinical case, n (%) | 22 (29.3) | 14 (22.2) |