Table 3.

Definitions for each parenting dimension

First author (year)	Parenting dimension
Dunning et al. (2022)	Psychological autonomy vs. control: a parental practise that enables children to explore and enact their personal desires and wishes vs. a parental practise that aims to control and manipulate children’s thoughts and emotions Family communication: quality and quantity of communication and mutual understanding between family members Affective expression: the ability to communicate and express emotions amongst family members Involvement: the time and quality of family members’ interest in one another
Gaté et al. (2013)	Aggressive interpersonal behaviour: verbal and non-verbal aggressive behaviours (e.g. being angry, disapproving of one’s behaviour, threatening and arguing against) parents have towards their children in direct interaction Positive interpersonal behaviour: verbal and non-verbal positive behaviours (e.g. validating, approving and caring) parents have towards their children in direct interaction
Hilt et al. (2012)	Overcontrolling parenting: a parental practise that aims to control and manipulate children’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours Negative-submissive family expressivity: frequent expression of emotions such as sadness, guilt and embarrassment as a coping mechanism
Li et al. (2021)	Parental solicitation: a parental practise that involves the active seeking of information regarding their children
Lionetti et al. (2021)	Permissive parenting: non-demanding, child-driven, and does not apply rules to the child Authoritarian parenting: strict, controlling, restrictive and implementing non-negotiable rules Authoritative parenting: nurturing, responsive and supportive
Lo et al. (2021)	Parental demandingness: the degree to which parents set boundaries for their children's behaviour and impose consequences for the violation of these boundaries
Padilla Paredes et al. (2014)	Emotional abuse: this term describes a situation in which parents create an environment in which their children experience negative self-appraisal, such as feeling humiliated, worthless or belittled
Schweizer et al. (2018)	Positive parenting: high levels of positive affectivity expression (e.g. smiling, approving or kissing), parental support (expressions of positive consideration towards the child) and relationship quality (positive interactions between the dyad parent–child), combined with low levels of negative affective expression (e.g. anger, shouting or cursing) and parental hostility (frustration and rejection towards the child)
Tammilehto et al. (2021)	Parenting quality: the parent–child interaction is marked by autonomy and intimacy