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PPS measured with CMPS-SF for each individual bitch at three time-points: T1 (arrival at the clinic); T2 (post-sedation recovery); and T3 (60 min after T2). The measurements are presented based on the treatment group: NVPS (a) representing no dog-owner interaction, and VPS (b) representing dog-owner interaction between T2 and T3. PPS: pain perception and stress; CMPS-SF: short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale.
