Fig. 3. X-ray linear dichroism.
a Schematic diagram of X-ray linear dichroism(XLD) measurement, the grazing incidence angle is 15°. b Polarization dependent X-ray absorption spectra of Ni L2,3 edges in reduced R-N3/S2 (red) and R-N8/S2 (green). The vertical incidence of linearly polarized light onto the sample surface are depicted by solid lines, whereas the grazing incidence of linearly polarized light are illustrated by dashed lines. c The X-ray linear dichroism(XLD) defined by IXLD = IE//ab - IE//c, indicated by shaded area.