Table 3.

Results from generalized additive mixed models regressing three relevant cognitive criterion variables (a) and parent‐ and teacher‐reported ratings of attention problems (b) on n‐back model parameters averaged across load conditions. Bolded values in parentheses next to each regression parameter estimate indicate the proportion of variance explained (r‐squared) for a given variable. All results are from models that accounted for nesting by family and ABCD site and included age, sex, family income, highest parental education, parent marital status, race, and ethnicity as covariates.

(a) Cognitive criterion variables	NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite (n = 7782)			NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Task (n = 7807)			Drift Rate (EEA) from the ABCD SST (n = 7052)
	Est. (r 2)	SE	p	Est. (r 2)	SE	p	Est. (r 2)	SE	p
Intercept	46.00	1.26	<.01E‐99	75.21	2.02	<.01E‐99	.36	0.11	.001261
Efficiency (e)	9.43 (.201)	0.21	<.01E‐99	9.02 (.081)	0.34	<.01E‐99	.57 (.111)	0.02	<.01E‐99
Familiarity Strength (fs)	1.63 (.002)	0.46	.000399	−1.38 (<.001)	0.75	.065178	.80 (.049)	0.04	4.31E‐80
Familiarity Criterion (fc)	.50 (<.001)	0.29	.088390	−1.13 (.001)	0.47	.017250	.26 (.013)	0.03	1.89E‐22

(b) Clinical ratings of attention problems	Parent‐Reported Attention Problems (n = 7922)			Teacher‐Reported Attention Problems (n = 2756)
	Est. (r 2)	SE	p	Est. (r 2)	SE	p
Intercept	3.11	0.63	9.54E‐07	4.94	0.93	1.26E‐07
Efficiency (e)	−1.41 (.022)	0.11	1.10E‐39	−1.79 (.046)	0.15	3.24E‐30
Familiarity Strength (fs)	−.63 (.001)	0.23	.006561	−1.07 (.004)	0.34	.001874
Familiarity Criterion (fc)	−.52 (.002)	0.15	.000392	−.36 (.001)	0.21	.091783

Note. Models accounted for study site and family as nested random intercept effects (1|site/family). Likelihood ratio tests were used to estimate marginal r ² for each n‐back model parameter.