Table 1.
Baseline Data of the Original Cohort
| Variable | Total (n=624) | Survivors (n=499) | Non-Survivors (n=125) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age | 72.2 (65.6, 80.5) | 71.2 (64.3, 78.3) | 76.3 (68.7, 85.1) | <0.001 |
| Male | 304 (48.7) | 249 (49.9) | 55 (44.0) | 0.238 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 422 (67.6) | 338 (67.8) | 84 (67.2) | 0.670 |
| Black | 71 (11.4) | 59 (11.8) | 12 (9.6) | |
| Others | 131 (21.0) | 102 (20.4) | 29 (23.2) | |
| Vital signs | ||||
| HR (beats/min) | 107.0 (93.0, 122.0) | 106.0 (92.0, 121.0) | 112.0 (95.0, 130.0) | 0.025 |
| RR (beats/min) | 30.0 (26.0, 34.0) | 30.0 (26.0, 34.0) | 31.0 (27.0, 35.0) | 0.116 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 147.0 (132.0, 164.0) | 147.0 (132.5, 165.0) | 147.0 (132.0, 159.0) | 0.497 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 93.0 (80.0, 107.0) | 93.0 (80.0, 107.0) | 92.0 (81.0, 104.6) | 0.372 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 104.0 (93.0, 118.0) | 104.0 (93.0, 119.0) | 103.0 (92.0, 117.8) | 0.293 |
| SpO2 (%) | 100.0 (99.0, 100.0) | 100.00 (98.0, 100.0) | 100.0 (99.0, 100.0) | 0.181 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| RDW (%) | 15.3 (14.0, 17.0) | 15.1 (13.9, 16.9) | 15.8 (14.5, 17.5) | 0.001 |
| HCT (%) | 34.5 (29.8, 39.7) | 35.2 (30.2, 40.2) | 32.1 (27.6, 36.7) | <0.001 |
| RDW/HCT | 0.45 (0.37, 0.56) | 0.44 (0.36, 0.53) | 0.49 (0.41, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| WBC (K/uL) | 11.9 (8.4, 16.1) | 11.4 (8.3, 15.7) | 13.0 (9.0, 17.5) | 0.038 |
| PLT (K/uL) | 206.0 (153.0, 266.0) | 209.0 (157.5, 268.0) | 185.0 (137.0, 245.0) | 0.010 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.5 (4.2, 5.0) | 4.5 (4.1, 5.0) | 4.5 (4.2, 5.1) | 0.460 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140.0 (137.0, 143.0) | 140.0 (137.0, 143.0) | 141.0 (138.0, 144.0) | 0.162 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 158.50 (128.0, 205.0) | 160.0 (129.0, 205.0) | 153.0 (126.0, 201.0) | 0.458 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0.005 |
| PH | 7.39 (7.35, 7.44) | 7.39 (7.35, 7.44) | 7.39 (7.34, 7.43) | 0.401 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 55.0 (46.0, 69.1) | 55.0 (46.0, 68.0) | 57.0 (47.0, 72.0) | 0.225 |
| Anion gap (mEq/L) | 15.0 (13.0, 18.0) | 15.0 (13.0, 18.0) | 16.0 (13.0, 19.0) | 0.046 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 27.0 (23.0, 31.0) | 27.0 (23.0, 31.0) | 26.0 (23.0, 30.0) | 0.650 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 192 (30.8) | 155 (31.1) | 37 (29.6) | 0.751 |
| Diabetes | 62 (9.9) | 55 (11.0) | 7 (5.6) | 0.070 |
| Asthma | 30 (4.8) | 27 (5.4) | 3 (2.4) | 0.159 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 24 (3.9) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (8.8) | 0.003 |
| Anemia | 99 (15.9) | 79 (15.8) | 20 (16.0) | 0.963 |
| Hematological malignancies | 18 (2.9) | 12 (2.4) | 6 (4.8) | 0.258 |
| Connective tissue diseases | 23 (3.7) | 20 (4.0) | 3 (2.4) | 0.557 |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 45 (7.2) | 37 (7.4) | 8 (6.4) | 0.695 |
| Myocardial infarction | 75 (12.0) | 54 (10.8) | 21 (16.8) | 0.066 |
| Liver disease | 18 (2.9) | 14 (2.8) | 4 (3.2) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 60 (9.6) | 45 (9.0) | 15 (12.0) | 0.312 |
| Malignant tumors | 46 (7.4) | 37 (7.4) | 9 (7.2) | 0.934 |
| Sepsis | 139 (22.3) | 96 (19.2) | 43 (34.4) | <0.001 |
| Prescriptions* | ||||
| Corticosteroid | 10 (1.6) | 10 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.231 |
| Bronchodilators | 410 (65.7) | 334 (66.9) | 76 (60.8) | 0.196 |
| Vasopressors | 20 (3.2) | 13 (2.6) | 7 (5.6) | 0.157 |
| Intravenous fluids | 438 (70.2) | 342 (68.5) | 96 (76.8) | 0.071 |
| Blood transfusions | 48 (7.7) | 35 (7.0) | 13 (10.4) | 0.204 |
| Mechanical ventilation | ||||
| Invasive | 216 (34.6) | 174 (34.9) | 42 (33.6) | 0.790 |
| Non-invasive | 147 (23.6) | 108 (21.6) | 39 (31.2) | 0.024 |
| Score | ||||
| SOFA | 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) | <0.001 |
| SAPSII | 37.0 (29.0, 45.0) | 35.0 (28.0, 43.0) | 43.0 (37.0, 52.0) | <0.001 |
| ICU stay (day) | 3.0 (1.8, 6.0) | 2.7 (1.7, 5.5) | 4.1 (2.7, 8.6) | <0.001 |
Notes: *All prescriptions were issued within 24 hours of ICU admission for patients. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: HR, Heart Rate; RR, Respiratory Rate; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; MAP, Mean Arterial Pressure; RDW, Red Blood Cell Distribution Width; HCT, Hematocrit; WBC, White Blood Cell; PLT, Platelet; Cr, Creatinine; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPSII, Simplified Acute Physiology ScoreII.