Supplementary Table S1.

The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) quality assessment of the included studies in this meta-analysis (details).

Study	Selection of cohorts				Comparability of cohorts	Outcome
	Representativeness of the exposed cohort	Selection of the non-exposed cohort	Ascertainment of exposure	Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study	Comparability of cohorts based on the design or analysis	Assessment of outcome	Was follow up long enough for outcomes to occur	Adequacy of follow up of cohorts
Niikura 2020 [25]			⋆	⋆		⋆	⋆	⋆
Alozie 2017 [26]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆
Kortlandt 2018 [27]			⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆
Deharo 2024 [29]	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆
Haberman 2021 [30]			⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆
De Bonis 2016 [37]			⋆	⋆		⋆		⋆
Buzzatti 2015 [7]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Gyoten 2020 [38]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Ondrus 2016 [39]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Malik 2020 [40]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆⋆	⋆
Okuno 2021 [41]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Paranskaya 2013 [31]			⋆	⋆		⋆		⋆
Anwer 2019 [32]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Swaans 2014 [33]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Taramasso 2012 [34]			⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Amabile 2023 [35]			⋆	⋆	⋆⋆	⋆
Majmundar 2024 [36]	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆
Buzzatti 2019 [42]	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆
Conradi 2013 [43]		⋆	⋆	⋆		⋆		⋆
Silaschi 2024 [44]		⋆	⋆	⋆	⋆⋆	⋆		⋆