Table 4.
General characteristics of animal studies that investigated action on the intestinal microbiota.
| Action on the Intestinal Microbiota | ||
|---|---|---|
| Author | Components | Dose/Time |
| Hormones | ||
| [26] | Melatonin | 0.2 mg/L melatonin in water 7 days |
| Synthetic compounds | ||
| [31] | ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONP) and ZnO microparticles (ZnOMP) | 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg ZnONPs; 50 mg/kg of ZnOMPs 7 days |
| [43] | (R,R)-BD-AcAc2 | Standard rodent food mixed with 4% (R,R)-BD-AcAc2 24 days |
| [45] | Nano-selenium modified with Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide | 200 µL 5 days |
| [47] | Edible nanoparticles similar to exosomes from Portulaca oleracea L. | 20 mg/µL 5 days |
| Chemical products derived from sources other than plants | ||
| [57] | Inosine | 100 and 800 mg/kg 7 days |
| Polyphenols and other natural active compounds from medicinal plants | ||
| [70] | Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract | 50 mg/kg 21 days |
| [74] | Apple peel polyphenols (dried apple peel) | 200 and 400 mg/kg 10 days |
| [87] | p-Cymene (p-C) and rosmarinic acid (RA) | 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg 48, 24, and 1 h before TNBS administration and 24 h after induction of inflammation. |
| [94] | Morusin | 12, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg 5 days |
| [106] | Brazilian Berry (Myrciaria jaboticaba) Peel (EJP) aqueous extract | Short-term EJP (weeks 6 and 7) OR Long-term EJP (weeks 2 to 7) |
| [115] | Phloretin | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg 7 days |
| [116] | Phloretin | 60 mg/kg 10 days for colitis 17 days for microbiota |
| [118] | Curcumin | 50 or 150 mg kg 7 days |
| [119] | Curcumin in hydroxyethyl starch microspheres | 6.8 mg/kg 7 days |
| [121] | Honey polyphenols | 10.5 mg/kg 7 days |
| [124] | Galangin | 15 mg/kg 7 days |
| [125] | Taxifolin | 100 mg/kg 14 days |
| [130] | Acacetin | 50 and 150 mg/kg 9 days |
| [132] | Juglone (JUG) | 0.04 mg/mL juglone 17 days |
| [140] | Kaempferol (Kae) | 50 mg/kg/day 14 days |
| [148] | Plant polyphenols (gallic acid, proanthocyanidin, ellagic acid, and tannic acid) | 100 mg/kg of each polyphenol 6 days |
| [158] | Resveratrol | 100 mg/kg 9 days |
| [159] | Resveratrol in polysaccharide-zein nanoparticles from Mesona chinensis | 10 mg/kg 14 days |
| [161] | Ligustroside | 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg 7 days |
| [163] | Forsythia suspensa polyphenols | 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg 7 days |
| [164] | Flavonoids from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook | 400 mg/kg 17 days |
| [166] | Diosmin | 100 and 200 mg/kg 7 days |
| [167] | Polyphenol extracts from Ziziphus jujuba Mill | 200 mg/mL 7 days |
| [178] | Polysaccharides from the edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus | 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg 7 days |
| [182] | Portulaca oleracea L. | 400 and 800 mg/kg 8 days |
| [189] | Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott. | 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg 21 days |
| [199] | Red raspberries | 6 g/kg 6 weeks |
| [201] | Ipomoea asarifolia aqueous extract | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg 3 days |
| [206] | Magnolol contained in a butyrate-derived polymer nanoplatform | 5 mg/kg 2, 4, 12, and 24 h |
| [215] | Terminalia arjuna hydroalcoholic extract | 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg 28 days |
| [217] | Quercetin aglycone (QUE) | QUE: 0.21%, QMQ: 0.36% 14 days |
| [218] | 2-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid, an ascorbic acid derivative isolated from the fruits of Lycium Barbarum L. | 300 mg/kg 8 days |
| [233] | Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg 7 days |
| [234] | Arjunarishta | 1.8, 0.9, and 0.45 mL/kg 28 days |
| [235] | Antrocaryon micraster | 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg 3 days |
| [237] | Puerarin | 10 or 50 mg/kg 7 days |
| [238] | Rumex japonicus Houtt. | 100 mg/kg 14 days |
| [240] | Sinapic acid | 10 or 50 mg/kg 7 days |
| [244] | Sanhuang shu’ai | 0.8 or 1.6 g/kg 7 days |
| [245] | Flammuliana velutipes Polysaccharide | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg 14 days |
| [253] | Cepharanthine | 10 mg/kg 7 days |
| [254] | Saposhnikovia divaricata | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg 9 days |
| [258] | Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide | 200 mg/kg 21 days |
| [266] | Carboxymethyl Poria polysaccharides | 300 mg/kg/day |
| [268] | Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua oligosaccharides | 0.5, 2, and 5 mg/kg 5 days |
| [269] | Polysaccharide from the fermented mycelium of Inonotus obliquus | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg 7 days |
| [271] | Terminalia chebula ethyl acetate extract | 100 and 200 mg/kg 7 days |
| [272] | Ecklonia cava extract | 50, 100, 200, mg/kg 21 days |
| [275] | Sagittaria sagittifolia L. polysaccharides | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg 14 days |
| [276] | Tetrastigma hemsleyanum root extract | 100 and 500 mg/kg 7 days |
| [278] | Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring acidic polysaccharide | 50 and 100 mg/kg 14 days |
| [282] | Fraxetin | 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg 25 days |
| [283] | Honeysuckle | Extract added to the feed at 0.15, 0.75, and 1.5 g/kg 15 days |
| [284] | Passiflora edulis | 8 mg/mL in drinking water 5 days |
| [289] | Four sanshools of Zanthoxylum fruit | 2.5 mg/kg 7 days |
| [290] | Sea buckthorn | 200 mg/kg 21 days |
| [341] | Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis Hydroalcoholic extracts | 100 or 200 mg/kg 15 days |
| [362] | Curcumin or resveratrol | Curcumin: 50 mg/kg or resveratrol: 80 mg/kg 7 days |
| [411] | Casein-quaternary chitosan complexes induced the soft assembly of egg white peptide and curcumin | 15 mg/kg 7 days |
| [412] | Pc-Fe nanozyme (procyanidin and free iron) |
100 mg/kg 7 days |
| [413] | Saffron | 20 mg/kg 10 days |
| [360] | Crocetin | 10 ou 40 mg/kg/dia 21 days |
| [414] | Hydroxysaffor yellow A | 3 ou 6 mg/mL 7 days |
| [408] | Phlorizin | 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg 7 days |
| [415] | Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) | Basal diet supplemented with 1 to 3% laurel 7 days |
| [416] | Okanin (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt) | 10 mg/kg 7 days |
| [417] | Alhagi honey Polysaccharide | 200 and 400 mg/kg 7 days |
| [418] | Rhein (Rheum rhabarbarum) | 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg 15 days |
| [419] | Schisandrin | 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg 3 days before and 7 days after |
| [420] | Hypericum sampsonii Hance | 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg 8 days |
| Functional foods and nutrients | ||
| [285] | Jinxiang garlic (Allium sativum L.) | 200 or 400 mg/kg/day 14 days |
| [305] | Selenium in biogenic nanoparticles | 800 ng/kg 5 days |
| [306] | Camellia oil | 2 mL/kg 20 days |
| [309] | Cinnamon (Cinnamomum japonicum) subcritical water extract | 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg 21 days |
| [315] | Mannoglucan (Chinese yam) | 300 mg/kg per day 7 days |
| [317] | β-carotene | 50 mg/kg 7 days |
| [69] | Pumpkin polysaccharides | 50 and 100 mg/kg 7 days |
| [421] | Quinoa | 907 g/kg 7 days |
| [422] | α-tocopherol (αT) and tocopherol-rich γ-tocopheres (γTmT) |
0.05% in the diet 21 days |
| [423] | Ornithine α-ketoglutarate | 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% 21 days |
| [424] | Sichuan pepper powder | Diet supplemented with 5% HJ powder 7 days |
| [425] | Ficus carica | 150 and 300 mg/kg 35 days |
| Probiotics | ||
| [325] | Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 | 2 × 108 CFU/day 27 days |
| [329] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus KDSL 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KDSL 1.8701, Lactobacillus plantarum KDSL 1.0318, and mixed lactobacilli |
1 × 109 CFU mL−1
21 days |
| [330] | Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 | 750 mg kg 14 days |
| [331] | L. pentosus A14-6 and L. pentosus CMY46 |
L. pentosus A14-6, L. pentosus CMY46, L. pentosus A14-6 plus XOS, and L. pentosus CMY46 plus GOS. 1 × 109 CFU/200 μL/day. 7 days |
| [332] | Lactobacillus acidophilus C4 | 1 × 109 CFU/mL 7 days |
| [333] | Exopolysaccharide Ropy Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 | 2 × 109 CFU in 0.2 mL of saline 21 days |
| [426] | Lactobacillus brevis Bmb6 | 109 UFC in 100 µL of PBS 14 days |
| Others | ||
| [334] | Insect (cockroach) Periplaneta americana | 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg 7 days |
| [343] | Saccharina japonica | 1, 2, and 4 g/kg 14 days |
| [345] | Melanin from Sepia pharaonis ink | 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg 9 days |
| [346] | Tuna bioactive peptides | 200 and 500 mg/kg 7 days |
| [347] | Turtle peptide | 500 mg/kg 7 days |
| [427] | Sargassum horneri | 100 mg/kg 4 semanas |
Legend: CFU = colony-forming unit; GOS = galactooligosaccharides; TNBS = 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; XOS = xylooligosaccharides.