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. 2024 Nov 18;13(11):1415. doi: 10.3390/antiox13111415

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of imeglimin on intracellular stress and mitochondrial biogenesis in CDA-HFD-fed mice. (A) Representative microphotographs of liver section immunofluorescent stained with 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). (B) Quantitation of 4-HNE+ area in high-power field (HPF). aa: p < 0.01 vs. CS+Veh group, bb: p < 0.01 vs. CD+Veh group, significant difference between groups by Student’s t-test. (C) Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content. aa: p < 0.01 vs. CS+Veh group, bb: p < 0.01 vs. CD+Veh group, significant difference between groups by Student’s t-test. (D–H) Hepatic mRNA level of five antioxidant enzyme genes, (D) Gpx1, (E) Cybb, (F) Sod2, (G) Cat and (H) Ncf4. aa: p < 0.01 vs. CS+Veh group, bb: p < 0.01 vs. CD+Veh group, significant difference between groups by Student’s t-test. (I) Hepatic mRNA level of ER stress-related markers. aa: p < 0.01 vs. CS+Veh group, significant difference between groups by Student’s t-test. (J) Hepatic mRNA level of mitochondrial biogenesis markers. aa: p < 0.01 vs. CS+Veh group, bb: p < 0.01 vs. CD+Veh group, significant difference between groups by Student’s t-test. (K) Western blotting for mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Gapdh and Actin were used as an internal control for qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Quantitative values are indicated as fold changes to the values of CD+Veh (B) or CS+Veh group (D–J). Data are the mean ± SD (n = 10; (B–J)). CS, CSA-NFD-fed mice; CD, CDA-HFD-fed mice; Veh, vehicle-treated group; Igm-L, imeglimin (100 mg/kg)-treated group; Igm-H, imeglimin (200 mg/kg)-treated group.