Table 1.

Gut dysbiosis and MASLD stages.

Liver Condition	Bacterial Dysbiosis	Reference
MASLD vs. non-MASLD group (90 vs. 90 subjects) undergoing metagenomic shotgun sequencing	Slackia and Dorea formicigenerans ↑ in MASLD subjects Methanobrevibacter and Phascolarctobacterium ↓ in MASLD subjects	[48]
MASLD (n = 12) vs. MASH (n = 18) vs. HV (n = 27) undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Fusobacteria and Fusobacteriaceae ↑ in MASH subjects	[49]
MASLD (n = 65) vs. HV (n = 76) undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Collinsella ↑ in MASH subjects	[50]
MASLD (n = 205) vs. HV (n = 669) undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Ruminococcaceae and Faecalibacterium ↓ in MASLD subjects	[27]
MASLD (n = 472) vs. HV (n = 883) subjects undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Coprococcus ↓ and Ruminococcus Gnavus ↑ in MASLD subjects	[51]
MASLD (n = 15) vs. MASH (n = 24) vs. HV (n = 28) subjects undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Coprococcus ↓ in MASLD subjects	[21]
MASLD (n = 30) vs. MASH until LC (n = 26) subjects undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Bacteroides ↑ as hallmark of MASH diagnosis; Ruminococcus ↑ is an independent hallmark of increasing liver fibrosis	[52]
MASLD (n = 28) vs. MASH (n = 9) with severe liver steatosis undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Clostridium spp. ↓ according to increasing steatosis stage; Escherichia/Shigella ↑ according to increasing liver fibrosis	[53]
MASH (n = 17) vs. LC (n = 25) and HV (n = 51) subjects undergoing 16S rRNA analysis	Gram-negatives ↑ in MASH subjects and Megasphaera spp. ↑ in LC subjects	[54]

Table legend: ↑—increased abundance; ↓—decreased abundance; MASLD—metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; MASH—metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; HV—healthy volunteers; LC—liver cirrhosis.