Table 1.

Comparison of Pathological Mechanisms Shared Between WS1 and AD.

Mechanism	WS1	AD
ER stress	Chronic ER stress, apoptosis	Excessive UPR, neuronal death
Calcium dysregulation	Dysregulated calcium signaling	Calcium influx, excitotoxicity
Neurodegeneration	Neuronal death in the brainstem and cerebellum	Synaptic dysfunction, brain atrophy
Aβ and Tau accumulation	Absent	Present (Aβ plaques, tau tangles)

Overview of shared and distinct pathological mechanisms between WS1 and AD, highlighting similarities such as ER stress, calcium dysregulation, and neurodegeneration, as well as differences such as the absence of Aβ and Tau accumulation in WS1 [12].