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. 2024 Nov 17;14(11):1455. doi: 10.3390/biom14111455

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Isolation of human periodontal ligament stem-cell-derived exosomes (HPDLSCs-Exo). (A) An image of HPDLSCs-Exo was obtained by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar = 200 nm. (B) Particle size distribution of HPDLSCs-Exo was analyzed by nano tracking analysis. Measurement of the particle size was performed five times and the average values were plotted. The mean value of the particles was 133 ± 6.4 nm and the mode (the most commonly occurring value) was 94 ± 21 nm. (C) Western blotting analysis showed the expression of CD9, CD63, and CD81 in HPDLSCs-Exo. Exosome-depleted FBS (Exo-FBS) and PBS were used as negative controls.