Table 2.
Crude and overlap propensity score weighted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of GERD for periodontitis.
| N of Periodontitis/ N of Total (%) |
Follow-Up Duration (PY) | IR per 1000 (PY) |
IRD (95% CI) |
Hazard Ratios for Periodontitis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude † | p | Adjusted †‡ | p | |||||
| Total participants | ||||||||
| GERD | 13,251/16,744 (79.14) | 87,214 | 152 | 2.00 (−0.73–5.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.538 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.625 |
| Control | 52,626/66,976 (78.57) | 351,333 | 150 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Age < 60 years old | ||||||||
| GERD | 8290/9476 (87.48) | 49,933 | 166 | −2.00 (−5.70–2.33) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.450 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.413 |
| Control | 33,176/37,904 (87.53) | 197,824 | 168 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Age ≥ 60 years old | ||||||||
| GERD | 4961/7268 (68.26) | 37,281 | 133 | 6.00 (2.32–10.42) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.042 * | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.050 * |
| Control | 19,450/29,072 (66.90) | 153,509 | 127 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Male | ||||||||
| GERD | 6331/7908 (80.06) | 38,234 | 166 | 5.00 (0.05–9.06) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.225 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.299 |
| Control | 25,028/31,632 (79.12) | 155,424 | 161 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female | ||||||||
| GERD | 6920/8836 (78.32) | 48,980 | 141 | 0.00 (−3.31–4.13) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.767 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.751 |
| Control | 27,598/35,344 (78.08) | 195,909 | 141 | |||||
| Low-income group | ||||||||
| GERD | 5918/7741 (76.45) | 40,796 | 145 | 6.00 (2.48–10.56) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.017 * | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.023 * |
| Control | 23,379/30,964 (75.50) | 168,749 | 139 | 1 | 1 | |||
| High-income group | ||||||||
| GERD | 7333/9003 (81.45) | 46,418 | 158 | −2.00 (−6.28–1.87) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.209 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.186 |
| Control | 29,247/36,012 (81.21) | 182,584 | 160 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Urban resident | ||||||||
| GERD | 5804/6942 (83.61) | 34,684 | 167 | 2.00 (−2.90–6.68) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.743 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.894 |
| Control | 22,997/27,768 (82.82) | 138,995 | 165 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rural resident | ||||||||
| GERD | 7447/9802 (75.97) | 52,530 | 142 | 2.00 (−1.34–5.80) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.594 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.563 |
| Control | 29,629/39,208 (75.57) | 212,338 | 140 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Underweight | ||||||||
| GERD | 256/452 (56.64) | 2414 | 106 | 2.00 (−11.79–16.79) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 0.836 | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.666 |
| Control | 1068/1861 (57.39) | 10,314 | 104 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Normal weight | ||||||||
| GERD | 4800/6230 (77.05) | 32,943 | 146 | 4.00 (−0.87–8.27) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.160 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.360 |
| Control | 18,348/24,112 (76.09) | 129,205 | 142 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Overweight | ||||||||
| GERD | 3674/4560 (80.57) | 23,342 | 157 | 2.00 (−3.39–7.93) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.607 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.628 |
| Control | 14,337/17,789 (80.59) | 92,421 | 155 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Obese | ||||||||
| GERD | 4521/5502 (82.17) | 28,515 | 159 | 1.00 (−4.66–5.61) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.949 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.840 |
| Control | 18,873/23,214 (81.30) | 119,393 | 158 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Nonsmoker | ||||||||
| GERD | 9634/12,187 (79.05) | 65,430 | 147.00 | 1.00 (−1.62–4.93) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.467 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.154 |
| Control | 37,811/48,072 (78.65) | 259,720 | 146.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Past and current smoker | ||||||||
| GERD | 3617/4557 (79.37) | 21,784 | 166.00 | 4.00 (−1.63–10.28) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.258 | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.028 * |
| Control | 14,815/18,904 (78.37) | 91,613 | 162.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Alcohol consumption < 1 time a week | ||||||||
| GERD | 9967/12,733 (78.28) | 67,780 | 147.00 | 1.00 (−2.50–3.95) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.868 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.013 * |
| Control | 39,210/50,249 (78.03) | 267,968 | 146.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Alcohol consumption ≥ 1 time a week | ||||||||
| c | 3284/4011 (81.87) | 19,434 | 169.00 | 8.00 (1.76–14.34) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.021 * | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.643 |
| Control | 13,416/16,727 (80.21) | 83,365 | 161.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| SBP < 120 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg | ||||||||
| GERD | 3789/4624 (81.94) | 23,653 | 160.00 | 0.00 (−5.25–6.24) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.895 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.753 |
| Control | 13,861/16,758 (82.71) | 86,796 | 160.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| SBP ≥ 120 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg | ||||||||
| GERD | 9462/12,120 (78.07) | 63,561 | 149.00 | 2.00 (−0.99–5.65) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.311 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.010 * |
| Control | 38,765/50,218 (77.19) | 264,537 | 147.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL | ||||||||
| GERD | 9040/11,305 (79.96) | 59,679 | 151.00 | 0.00 (−2.93–4.05) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.915 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.065 |
| Control | 35,788/44,769 (79.94) | 237,139 | 151.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL | ||||||||
| GERD | 4211/5439 (77.42) | 27,535 | 153.00 | 6.00 (0.41–10.55) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.075 | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.115 |
| Control | 16,838/22,207 (75.82) | 114,194 | 147.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL | ||||||||
| GERD | 6908/8806 (78.45) | 45,768 | 151.00 | 1.00 (−2.98–4.96) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.776 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.036 * |
| Control | 27,487/35,101 (78.31) | 183,316 | 150.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL | ||||||||
| GERD | 6343/7938 (79.91) | 41,446 | 153.00 | 3.00 (−0.75–7.59) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.185 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.209 |
| Control | 25,139/31,875 (78.87) | 168,017 | 150.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| CCI scores = 0 | ||||||||
| GERD | 7686/8970 (85.69) | 47,930 | 160.00 | 3.00 (−0.43–7.44) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.084 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.020 * |
| Control | 33,327/39,628 (84.10) | 212,474 | 157.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| CCI scores = 1 | ||||||||
| GERD | 2374/2988 (79.45) | 15,901 | 149.00 | 5.00 (−1.82–11.61) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.211 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.200 |
| Control | 8107/10,632 (76.25) | 56,141 | 144.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
| CCI scores ≥ 2 | ||||||||
| GERD | 3191/4786 (66.67) | 23,383 | 136.00 | 1.00 (−4.18–6.51) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.965 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.963 |
| Control | 11,192/16,716 (66.95) | 82,718 | 135.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; PY, person-years; IR, incidence rate; IRD, incidence rate difference; CI, confidence interval. *, significance at p < 0.05. †, models were stratified by age, sex, income, and region of residence; ‡, adjusted for CCI scores.