Table 1.
Overview of live C. elegans irradiation with microbeams.
| Facility | Radiation | Beam Spot Diameter |
Targeted Region | Number of Samples * /Trial |
Number of Trials * | Immobilization Device or Medium | Anesthesia | Year Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collimated microbeam device of TIARA (JAEA) | Carbon ions | 20 µm | Posterior gonad | 12 | 1 | Slide Seal and a coverslip | Sodium azide | 2006 [10] |
| Carbon ions | 20 µm | Tail | 12 | 1 | Slide Seal and a coverslip | Sodium azide | ||
| RARAF microbeam (Columbia Univ.) | Protons | 0.5 µm | Tail | ≥20 | - | Customized microbeam dish with a micro coverslip | Sodium azide | 2009 [16] |
| RARAF microbeam (Columbia Univ.) | Protons | 5 µm | head/intestine | (16) | - | 16-channel microfluidic device | - | 2013 [17] |
| Proton microbeam facility (CAS-LIBB) | Protons | 8.2 µm | Posterior pharynx bulb |
≥20 | 3 | 2% of agarose gels | Mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether | 2013 [18] |
| Protons | 8.2 µm | Tail | ≥20 | 3 | 2% of agarose gels | Mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether | ||
| Proton microbeam facility (CAS-LIBB) | Protons | 8.7 µm | Posterior pharynx bulb |
≥4 | - | 2% of agarose gels | Mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether | 2016 [19] |
| Protons | 8.7 µm | Rectal valva | ≥4 | - | 2% of agarose gels | Mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether | ||
| Collimated microbeam device at TIARA (QST) | Carbon ions | 20 µm (beam exit) |
Head | 5 | 7 | PDMS microfluidic chip | - | 2017 [11] |
| Intestines | 5 | 7 | PDMS microfluidic chip | - | ||||
| Tail | 5 | 7 | PDMS microfluidic chip | - | ||||
| CPM at the AIFIRA facility (CNRS/IN2P3 and The Univ. of Bordeaux) | Protons | 1.5 µm | 2-cell-stage embryo |
9 | - | Stretched polypropylene foils | - | 2019 [20] |
| Focused microbeam device at TIARA (QST) | Carbon ions | 8 µm | Head neuron | (5) | - | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | - | 2020 [12] |
| Collimated microbeam device at TIARA (QST) | Carbon ions | 20 µm (beam exit) |
Central nervous system | 6 | 5 | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | - | 2020 [13] |
| 60 µm (beam exit) | Central nervous system | 6 | 5 | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | - | |||
| Collimated microbeam device at TIARA (QST) | Carbon ions | 60 µm (beam exit) | Anterior half body | 8 | 1 | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | - | 2021 [14] |
| 60 µm (beam exit) | Posterior half body | 9 | 1 | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | - | |||
| MIRCOM facility (IRSN) | Protons | 2.2 ± 0.3 µm | Head | 67–81 | 2 | Coverslips and polypropylene sheet containing 2% agarose gel | Levamisole | 2023 [21] |
| CPM at the AIFIRA facility (CNRS/IN2P3 and The Univ. of Bordeaux) | Protons | 4 µm | Gonad stem cells | 301–514 | ≥3 | Afresh agar pad (3% (w/v)) and Poloxamer-407 | - | 2023 [22] |
| Focused microbeam device at TIARA (QST) | Carbon ions | - | Pharynx | (1) | - | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | Sodium azide | 2023 [15] |
| - | Gonad | (1) | - | Wettable PDMS microfluidic chip | Sodium azide |
* When there were two or more microbeam experiments (including different conditions), the basic experiment (the one with the larger number) is listed. If there was no clear description and the value was estimated based on the method description, among other factors, the value is given in parentheses.