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Mode of action of BMSCs combined with PG injection for OA treatment. BMSCs differentiate into chondrocytes under the influence of PGs. PGs enhance the paracrine effect of BMSCs on TGF-beta levels. The extracellular environment constructed by PGs increases the biological activity of TGF-β and stimulates chondrocytes to produce PRG4, thereby restoring the metabolic balance of chondrocytes and reducing the damage to articular cartilage caused by OA.
