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The regulation of gap junction operation. The opening and closing of gap junctions are regulated by extracellular and intracellular factors such as pH, calcium ion concentration, and connexin phosphorylation. Gap junctions serve to move ions and small molecules up to 1.2 kDa between adjacent cells. The cells can exchange molecules through gap junctions such as carbohydrates, nucleotides, second messengers (cAMP or cGMP), small peptides, and RNA.
