Table 1.

Chemical heating for POC molecular detection of pathogens.

Isothermal Amplification Assay	Pathogen (s)	Fuel	Reactants	Time to Chemical Heating	Amplification Time	Amplified Product Detection	Analytical Sensitivity	The Used Device	Reference
1—LAMP	Zika virus	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	10 min	60 min	Bioluminescence	5 PFU/sample		[11]
2—LAMP	Zika virus	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	10 min	40 min	Colorimetric detection—intercalating dye Leco Crystal Violet (LCV)	5 PFU/sample		[12]
3—LAMP	Plasmodium falciparum malaria	Calcium oxide	CaO + H2O	15 min	45 min	Turbid visual detection and fluorescent (Calcein) detection	50 copies/µL		[20]
4—LAMP	Plasmodium falciparum malaria	Calcium oxide	CaO + H2O	15 min	60 min	Turbid visual detection and fluorescent (Calcein) detection	50 copies/µL		[21]
5—LAMP	HIV-1	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	12 min	60 min	Nucleic acid lateral flow detection	75 copies/reaction		[23]
6—LAMP	HIV-1	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	11 min	60 min	BHQ1-labeled quencher probe	3115 copies/mL		[24]
7—RPA	HIV-1	Sodium acetate	Na+ + C2H3O2	1 min	20–30 min	Nucleic acid lateral flow detection	10 copies/µL		[25]
8—LAMP	Filarial parasites (B. malayi, O. volvulus, and W. bancrofti)	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	15 min	40–70 min	Colorimetric detection—proton detection (pH-sensitive indicator dyes)	B. malayi 1.0 pg DNA/reaction, O. volvulus 0.01 ng DNA/reaction, and W. bancrofti 0.1 pg DNA/reaction		[26]
9—HDA	Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)	Iron filings	Fe + 3 O2	22 min	30 min	Gel electrophoresis analysis	1.25 × 10−2 pg/reaction		[29]
10—RPA/CRISPR	SARS-CoV-2	Iron filings	Fe + 3 O2	2 min	15 min	Nucleic acid lateral flow detection	100 copies/reaction		[31]
11—RPA	T4 bacteriophage	Lithium	Li + H2O	1 min	15 min	- Fluorescent test (Taqman probe) - Gel electrophoresis	NA		[32]
12—RPA	Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7	Calcium oxide	CaO + H2O	9 min	15 min	Nucleic acid lateral flow detection	36.23 CFU/mL		[33]
13—LAMP	Cronobacter species	Calcium oxide	CaO + H2O	7 min	60 min	HNB (Hydroxy naphthol blue)—Metal indicator	4.2 × 102 cfu/g		[43]
14—LAMP	Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	10 min	60 min	Fluorescent intercalating dyes	4.2 PFU/sample		[41]
15—LAMP	SARS-CoV-2	Magnesium Iron	Mg-Fe + H2O	3 min	30 min	- pH-sensitive indicator dyes (Phenol red) - Fluorescent intercalating dyes	10 copies/reaction		[37]
16—LAMP	HIV-1	Calcium oxide	CaO + H2O	10–15 min	60 min	Fluorescence detection using labeled primer along with a quencher probe	HIV- 1 DNA: 10 copies/reaction HIV-1 RNA: 140 copies/reaction		[44]

NA = Not applicable.