Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study cohort.
| Total | AKI+ | AKI− | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | ||||
| Total | 80 (100) | 31 (38.8) | 49 (61.2) | - |
| Gender (male) | 58 (72.5) | 22 (71.0) | 36 (73.5) | 0.807 |
| Pre-existing Conditions | ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 16 (20.0) | 4 (12.9) | 12 (24.5) | 0.207 |
| Arterial Hypertension | 41 (51.2) | 18 (58.1) | 23 (46.9) | 0.332 |
| CVD | 26 (32.5) | 11 (35.5) | 15 (30.6) | 0.650 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 23 (28.7) | 12 (38.7) | 11 (22.4) | 0.117 |
| COPD | 7 (8.8) | 5 (16.1) | 2 (4.1) | 0.063 |
| PAOD | 6 (7.5) | 3 (9.7) | 3 (6.1) | 0.556 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 10 (12.5) | 3 (9.7) | 7 (14.3) | 0.544 |
| Chronic Heart Failure | 16 (20.0) | 4 (12.9) | 12 (24.5) | 0.207 |
| Premedication | ||||
| Beta-Blocker | 39 (48.8) | 20 (64.5) | 19 (38.8) | 0.025 |
| Diuretics | 33 (41.3) | 18 (58.1) | 15 (30.6) | 0.015 |
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI | 24 (30.0) | 13 (41.9) | 11 (22.4) | 0.064 |
| Preoperative Conditions | ||||
| Elective Surgery | 3 (3.8) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0.392 |
| Urgent Surgery | 61 (76.3) | 24 (77.4) | 37 (75.5) | 0.775 |
| Emergency Surgery | 16 (20.0) | 6 (19.4) | 10 (20.4) | 0.810 |
| Intraoperative Conditions | ||||
| Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis | 24 (30.0) | 12 (38.5) | 12 (24.5) | 0.176 |
| Endocarditis of One Heart Valve | 66 (82.5) | 24 (77.4) | 42 (85.7) | 0.341 |
| Endocarditis of Two Heart Valves | 14 (17.5) | 7 (22.6) | 7 (14.3) | 0.341 |
| Endocarditis of Three Heart Valves | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Aortic Valve Endocarditis | 54 (67.5) | 23 (74.2) | 31 (63.3) | 0.256 |
| Mitral Valve Endocarditis | 36 (45.0) | 14 (45.2) | 22 (44.9) | 0.831 |
| Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis | 3 (3.8) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0.743 |
| Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.798 |
| Postoperative Conditions | ||||
| ECMO | 4 (5.0) | 3 (9.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0.127 |
| Bleeding/Tamponade | 8 (10.0) | 5 (16.1) | 3 (6.1) | 0.146 |
| Stroke | 4 (5.0) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (4.1) | 0.636 |
| Valvular Complications | 1 (1.3) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.206 |
| Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block | 8 (10.0) | 2 (6.5) | 6 (12.2) | 0.400 |
| Sepsis | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.423 |
| In-Hospital Death | 12 (15.0) | 10 (32.3) | 2 (4.1) | 0.001 |
| Mean ± SD | ||||
| Age (years) | 61.5 ± 13.9 | 65.2 ± 11.9 | 59.2 ± 14.7 | 0.183 |
| Height (cm) | 173.2 ± 8.3 | 172.2 ± 7.6 | 173.8 ± 8.8 | 0.387 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.4 ± 15.9 | 85.2 ± 16.0 | 77.4 ± 15.2 | 0.564 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.8 | 28.7 ± 4.9 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 0.822 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 0.498 |
| EuroScore II | 10.6 ± 10.4 | 14.1 ± 10.4 | 8.5 ± 9.9 | 0.393 |
| Surgery Time (min) | 284.7 ± 115.1 | 335.2 ± 108.3 | 252.7 ± 108.6 | 0.280 |
| Clamping Time (min) | 110.0 ± 55.6 | 135.2 ± 63.2 | 94.1 ± 44.0 | 0.295 |
| Perfusion Time (min) | 168.2 ± 90.0 | 211.7 ± 103.3 | 140.7 ± 68.4 | 0.393 |
| Median ± IQR | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 55.0 ± 4.5 | 55.0 ± 4.0 | 55.0 ± 5.3 | 0.760 |
| Creatinine D-1 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.207 |
| Creatinine D0 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.083 |
| Creatinine D1 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.015 |
| Creatinine D2 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine D3 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine D4 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine D5 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine D6 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine D7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.003 |
| Urine Output 1–2 h postop. (mL) | 40.0 ± 57.5 | 30.0 ± 25.0 | 65.0 ± 73.8 | 0.089 |
| Urine Output 2–3 h postop. (mL) | 40.0 ± 65.0 | 20.0 ± 30.0 | 55.0 ± 75.0 | 0.123 |
| Fluid Volume—intraop. (L) | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 0.381 |
CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PAOD: peripheral arterial occlusive disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction;.