Table 1.

Comparison of Features between LoC, PCLS, and Organoids Systems.

Feature	Liver-on-a-Chip (LoC)	Precision-Cut Liver Slice (PCLS)	Liver Organoids	References
Structure	Microfluidic platforms with engineered liver tissues	Thin slices of liver tissue	3D structures derived from stem cells or primary cells	[66,67,68,69]
Cellular Composition	Hepatocytes, endothelial cells, stellate cells	Retains native liver architecture and cell diversity	Hepatocyte-like cells, cholangiocytes, stellate cells	[64,66,73]
Mimicking In Vivo Environment	Dynamic fluid flow simulating blood circulation	Maintains cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions	3D environment with cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions	[68,69,70,81]
Scalability	Moderate, dependent on microfabrication techniques	Limited by size of initial tissue slice	High, scalable to large numbers	[80,92]
Duration of Viability	Days to weeks	Hours to days	Weeks to months	[68,69,93]
Cost	Moderate, but depends on tissue source	Moderate, but depends on tissue source	Variable, depending on source and differentiation protocol	[80]
Reproducibility	High with standardized protocols	Thin slices of liver tissue	High with standardized differentiation protocols	[67,69,79]