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. 2024 Nov 8;12(11):287. doi: 10.3390/diseases12110287

Table 2.

Characteristics of the interventions.

Intervention
Author (Year) OMT Group Sham/Placebo Group Session Duration Frequency Total Number of Sessions (Weeks)
Palmer et al., 2023 [42]
  • -

    Suboccipital release

  • -

    Cervical contralateral traction

  • -

    Upper thoracic spine unilateral soft tissue pressure

  • -

    Thoracic inlet/outlet myofascial release

  • -

    Atlanto–occipital and atlanto–axial, and C2-7 somatic dysfunction muscle energy

  • -

    T1-4 somatic dysfunction muscle energy technique

  • -

    First-rib elevation dysfunction articulation

  • -

    Submandibular myofascial release

  • -

    Counterstrain technique

Light touch OMT: NR
Sham: 5 min		 3 sessions/week 9 (3 weeks)
Schwerla et al., 2008 [41]
  • -

    HVLA techniques

  • -

    Muscle energy techniques

  • -

    Myofascial release techniques

  • -

    Balanced ligamentous tension

  • -

    Visceral techniques

  • -

    Cranial techniques

 Placebo ultrasound OMT: 45 m
Sham: 12 m		 OMT: 1 session every 12–20 days
Sham 1 session every 4 to 10 days		 9 (NR)
Auger et al., 2021 [44]
  • -

    Regional thoracic myofascial release

  • -

    Lumbar soft tissue

  • -

    Psoas, piriformis, quadratus lumborum counterstrain

  • -

    Lumbosacral myofascial release

  • -

    Sacrum balanced ligamentous tension

  • -

    Lumbar muscle energy

 Light touch NR 3 sessions/week 9 (3 weeks)
Nguyen et al., 2021 [43]
  • -

    Articular techniques

  • -

    HVLA techniques

  • -

    Balanced ligamentous tension technique

  • -

    Cranial techniques

  • -

    Counterstain techniques

  • -

    Muscle energy techniques

  • -

    Myofascial release

  • -

    Visceral techniques

 Light touch 45 m 1 session each 2 weeks 6
(12 weeks)
Hensel et al., 2015 [49]
  • -

    Thoracic articulation

  • -

    Cervical soft tissue

  • -

    Atlanto–occipital decompression

  • -

    Thoracic inlet myofascial release

  • -

    Scapulothoracic soft tissue

  • -

    Lumbar soft tissue

  • -

    Diaphragm myofascial release

  • -

    Sacro-iliac articulation

  • -

    Pubic symphysis decompression

  • -

    Frog leg sacral release

  • -

    Compression of the fourth ventricle

Placebo ultrasound NR Sessions at weeks 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39 7 (10 weeks)
Licciardone et al., 2013 [47]
  • -

    HVLA techniques

  • -

    Moderate-velocity, moderate-amplitude thrusts

  • -

    Soft tissue stretching

  • -

    Myofascial release

 Light touch 15 m Sessions at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 16
(8 weeks)
Licciardone et al., 2010 [48]
  • -

    Range-of-motion mobilization

  • -

    Muscle energy

  • -

    Myofascial release

  • -

    Soft tissue techniques

 Placebo ultrasound 30 m Sessions at weeks 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39 7 (10 weeks)
Licciardone et al., 2003 [46]
  • -

    Myofascial release

  • -

    Strain–counterstrain

  • -

    Muscle energy

  • -

    Soft tissue

  • -

    HVLA

  • -

    Cranial–sacral

 Light touch and sham OMT 15–30 m Sessions at weeks 1, 2, and then monthly 7 (24 weeks)
Gibson et al., 1985 [45]
  • -

    Soft tissue manipulation

  • -

    Passive articulation of stiff spinal segments

  • -

    HVLA

 Placebo short-wave diathermy NR 1 session/week 4 (4 weeks)

OMT: osteopathic manipulative treatment; NR: not reported.