Table 1.

List of pro-inflammatory factors in the MDS environment and pro-MDS factors in AI diseases (MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome, SIAD: systemic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases).

	Factors Contributing to the Pro-Inflammatory State in MDS	Factors Contributing to MDS in the Pro-Inflammatory State
Temporality	MDSs may precede the diagnosis of SIAD	SIAD may precede the diagnosis of MDS
Genetic environment	Both SIAD and MDS share a similar genetic background (e.g., HLA-B27 or IL-1 polymorphisms)
Homeostasis	The MDS environment is pro-inflammatory, with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, Th17) and mutations predisposing one to tolerance dysfunction (e.g., TET2/IDH mutations with less Treg and immune checkpoint inhibitors)	Inflammation, even caused by infection, may increase the risk for MDS
Treatment induced	Drugs used to treat MDS may trigger SIAD manifestations (e.g., Azacytidine)	Drugs used to treat inflammation may predispose one to MDS.
Improvement under treatments	In MDS with SIAD features, treatment of MDS may alleviate SIAD manifestations
Impaired Immune Function	MDS are associated with immune dysfunction, resulting in a higher susceptibility to infections. Chronic infections can contribute to inflammation