Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants from KNHANES I (1998) to KNHANES VII (2016–2018).
| Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | I (1998) n = 5174 |
II (2001) n = 4775 |
III (2005) n = 3327 |
IV (2007–2009) n = 9653 |
V (2010–2012) n = 9982 |
VI (2013–2015) n = 8086 |
VII (2016–2018) n = 7656 |
| Male/female (n) | 2322/2852 | 2092/2683 | 1498/1829 | 4320/5333 | 4399/5583 | 3718/4368 | 3583/4073 |
| Average age | 40.57 a ± 0.37 | 41.59 b ± 0.36 | 43.09 c ± 0.43 | 44.06 cd ± 0.29 | 44.60 d ± 0.287 | 45.20 de ± 0.30 | 45.71 e ± 0.33 |
| Height (cm) | 162.99 c ± 0.18 | 163.5 bc ± 0.16 | 163.61 bc ± 0.21 | 164.17 b ± 0.13 | 164.35 b ± 0.14 | 164.87 ab ± 0.14 | 165.15 a ± 0.14 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.46 d ± 0.20 | 62.58 c ± 0.18 | 63.51 bc ± 0.26 | 64.27 b ± 0.16 | 64.24 b ± 0.19 | 65.35 a ± 0.18 | 65.87 a ± 0.20 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.08 cd ± 0.06 | 23.34 c ± 0.06 | 23.65 bc ± 0.07 | 23.75 b ± 0.05 | 23.68 b ± 0.05 | 23.93 ab ± 0.05 | 24.04 a± 0.06 |
| Daily Nutrient Intake | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1968.0 ab ± 19.52 | 1963.5 b ± 18.66 | 2049.7 a ± 20.99 | 1906.8 c ± 11.25 | 2045.7 a ± 13.19 | 2049.6 a ± 12.18 | 1970.7 b ± 13.46 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 322.16 a ± 3.18 | 310.67 ab ± 2.94 | 314.60 ab ± 3.16 | 305.81 b ± 1.69 | 322.66 a ± 1.95 | 309.44 ab ± 1.76 | 295.06 c ± 1.81 |
| Protein (g) | 75.82 a ± 1.09 | 73.96 a ± 0.84 | 78.04 a ± 1.04 | 67.68 b ± 0.51 | 73.46 b ± 0.61 | 70.99 b ± 0.57 | 71.37 b ± 0.58 |
| Fat (g) | 38.99 b ± 0.72 | 40.25 b ± 0.71 | 43.89 a ± 0.89 | 37.34 b ± 0.44 | 43.14 ab ± 0.52 | 45.29 a ± 0.52 | 45.43 a ± 0.55 |
| Ca (mg) | 497.78 b ± 9.45 | 510.57 ab ± 7.44 | 565.40 a ± 9.19 | 474.66 bc ± 4.29 | 501.57 ab ± 4.84 | 472.76 c ± 4.11 | 493.26 ab ± 4.65 |
| Ratio (%) | |||||||
| Carbohydrate | 67.82 ab ± 0.29 | 67.83 ab ± 0.24 | 66.55 b ± 0.28 | 69.07 a ± 0.17 | 67.79 ab ± 0.18 | 67.41 ab ± 0.18 | 65.70 c ± 0.19 |
| Protein | 15.36 a ± 0.21 | 14.86 b ± 0.08 | 15.15 ab ± 0.11 | 14.13 cd ± 0.06 | 14.20 c ± 0.06 | 13.69 d ± 0.06 | 14.46 c ± 0.07 |
| Fat | 16.82 d ± 0.22 | 17.31 c ± 0.21 | 18.30 b ± 0.25 | 16.80 d ± 0.14 | 18.01 bc ± 0.14 | 18.90 ab ± 0.15 | 19.84 a ± 0.16 |
p-value (p < 0.001) via one-way ANOVA from the SURVEYREG procedure of SAS. Different superscript letters mean significant difference among groups at the α = 0.05 level via Scheffe’s multiple range comparison. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error.