Table 2.
Association between calcium intake quintiles and the prevalence of physician-diagnosed osteoporosis.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | n = 7459 | n = 7460 | n = 7459 | n = 7460 | n = 7459 | |
| Age (mean, SE) | 44.91 ± 0.42 | 43.65 ± 0.34 | 42.84 ± 0.31 | 42.31 ± 0.30 | 42.42 ± 0.30 | <0.0001 (−) |
| Ca Intake (mg/day) | ||||||
| Mean, SE | 203.15 ± 1.24 | 344.89 ± 0.72 | 465.96 ± 0.76 | 625.30 ± 1.20 | 1041.39 ± 8.16 | <0.0001 (+) |
| Median, SE | 212.80 ± 2.12 | 345.43 ± 1.27 | 463.53 ± 1.15 | 621.03 ± 2.07 | 929.67 ± 5.94 | - |
| Intake range | 5.80–241.89 | 241.90–353.05 | 353.11–477.36 | 477.37–668.24 | 668.25–11,786.0 | - |
| Prevalence of Osteoporosis | ||||||
| Normal, n (%) | 6776 (93.23) | 7039 (96.07) | 7092 (96.89) | 7210 (97.92) | 7196 (97.70) | <0.0001 1) |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 683 (6.77) | 421 (3.93) | 367 (3.11) | 250 (2.08) | 263 (2.30) | |
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.59 (0.39–0.78) | 0.52 (0.31–0.73) | 0.32 (0.30–0.34) | 0.31 (0.29–0.51) | <0.0001 (−) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.92 (0.91–1.13) | 0.96 (0.87–1.00) | 0.81 (0.65–0.95) | 1.00 (0.72–1.23) | 0.2353 (+) |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.94 (0.80–1.16) | 0.95 (0.89–0.99) | 0.80 (0.62–0.91) | 1.02 (0.69–1.24) | 0.3265 (+) |
| Model 4 | 1 | 0.97 (0.82–1.12) | 0.93 (0.74–1.14) | 0.75 (0.61–0.92) | 1.02 (0.76–1.32) | 0.4086 (−) |
1) p-value by χ2 (chi-square) test. Model 1: crude, model 2: age, model 3: age and BMI, and model 4: age, BMI, physical activity, and smoking.