Table 2.

Change in type(s) of newborn pain treatment received by infants before (pre-) and after (post-) implementation of the intervention.

		Type(s) of Newborn Pain Treatment Received by Infants
		Any of 3 Types		Parent-Led		Sucrose		Other		No Pain Relief		No Heel Prick		Unknown if Pain Relief Provided		Total
		n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)	n	% (Row)
Overall (all sites combined)	Pre	3806	48.8	1971	25.3	1923	24.7	283	3.6	1376	17.6	136	1.7	2222	28.5	7801	100.0
	Post	4152	53.8	1829	23.7	2373	30.7	221	2.9	889	11.5	138	1.8	2339	30.3	7723	100.0
p-value		<0.0001		0.1353		<0.0001				<0.0001
By maternal–newborn unit (MNU)
Site 1	Pre	1000	38.1	224	8.5	782	29.8	31	1.2	904	34.4	18	0.7	678	25.8	2626	100.0
	Post	1438	54.5	344	13.0	1115	42.2	20	0.8	529	20.0	3	0.1	656	24.8	2640	100.0
Site 2	Pre	901	43.0	769	36.7	156	7.4	150	7.2	110	5.2	9	0.4	930	44.3	2097	100.0
	Post	798	36.6	640	29.3	167	7.7	110	5.0	128	5.9	20	0.9	1133	51.9	2182	100.0
Site 3	Pre	123	42.7	109	37.8	23	8.0	36	12.5	31	10.8	16	5.6	86	29.9	288	100.0
	Post	141	53.4	139	52.7	3	1.1	25	9.5	14	5.3	28	10.6	56	21.2	264	100.0
Site 4	Pre	256	72.9	40	11.4	222	63.2	5	1.4	37	10.5	28	8.0	27	7.7	351	100.0
	Post	260	79.0	78	23.7	195	59.3	1	0.3	13	4.0	30	9.1	26	7.9	329	100.0
Site 5	Pre	321	83.8	95	24.8	266	69.5	6	1.6	5	1.3	5	1.3	50	13.1	383	100.0
	Post	332	81.2	9	2.2	326	79.7	2	0.5	30	7.3	18	4.4	27	6.6	409	100.0
Site 6	Pre	61	27.1	60	26.7	1	0.4	12	5.3	97	43.1	35	15.6	21	9.3	225	100.0
	Post	95	44.0	93	43.1	3	1.4	8	3.7	37	17.1	23	10.6	53	24.5	216	100.0
Site 7	Pre	418	81.6	413	80.7	7	1.4	6	1.2	1	0.2	15	2.9	74	14.5	512	100.0
	Post	372	75.9	372	75.9	0	0.0	9	1.8	4	0.8	15	3.1	91	18.6	490	100.0
Site 8	Pre	726	55.0	261	19.8	466	35.3	37	2.8	191	14.5	10	0.8	356	27.0	1319	100.0
	Post	716	60.0	154	12.9	564	47.3	46	3.9	134	11.2	1	0.1	297	24.9	1193	100.0
p-value		<0.0001		<0.0001		<0.0001				<0.0001
By hospital birth volume
≤1000	Pre	1179	67.0	717	40.8	519	29.5	65	3.7	171	9.7	99	5.6	258	14.7	1759	100.0
	Post	1200	70.3	691	40.5	527	30.9	45	2.6	98	5.7	114	6.7	253	14.8	1708	100.0
≥2500	Pre	2627	43.5	1254	20.8	1404	23.2	218	3.6	1205	19.9	37	0.6	1964	32.5	6042	100.0
	Post	2952	49.1	1138	18.9	1846	30.7	176	2.9	791	13.2	24	0.4	2086	34.7	6015	100.0
p-value		0.0433		0.3710		0.0003				0.3133
By newborn level of care (LOC)
Level 1	Pre	858	62.4	622	45.2	253	18.4	59	4.3	166	12.1	94	6.8	208	15.1	1376	100.0
	Post	868	66.8	682	52.5	201	15.5	43	3.3	68	5.2	96	7.4	226	17.4	1299	100.0
Level 2b	Pre	1627	47.6	1030	30.2	622	18.2	187	5.5	301	8.8	19	0.6	1286	37.6	3416	100.0
	Post	1514	44.9	794	23.5	731	21.7	156	4.6	262	7.8	21	0.6	1430	42.4	3375	100.0
Level 2c	Pre	1321	43.9	319	10.6	1048	34.8	37	1.2	909	30.2	23	0.8	728	24.2	3009	100.0
	Post	1770	58.1	353	11.6	1441	47.3	22	0.7	559	18.3	21	0.7	683	22.4	3049	100.0
p-value		<0.0001		<0.0001		<0.0001				<0.0001
By parity
0	Pre	1588	48.3	788	24.0	840	25.6	108	3.3	570	17.4	39	1.2	989	30.1	3285	100.0
	Post	1773	52.9	728	21.7	1065	31.8	85	2.5	385	11.5	30	0.9	1086	32.4	3351	100.0
1	Pre	1381	50.1	738	26.7	676	24.5	92	3.3	523	19.0	53	1.9	717	26.0	2759	100.0
	Post	1476	54.9	683	25.4	810	30.1	85	3.2	337	12.5	60	2.2	737	27.4	2688	100.0
2+	Pre	835	47.6	445	25.4	405	23.1	83	4.7	283	16.1	44	2.5	515	29.4	1754	100.0
	Post	900	53.6	418	24.9	495	29.5	51	3.0	166	9.9	48	2.9	516	30.7	1680	100.0
Missing	Pre	2	66.7	0	0.0	2	66.7	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	33.3	3	100.0
	Post	3	75.0	0	0.0	3	75.0	0	0.0	1	25.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	4	100.0
p-value		0.6661		0.9793		0.7105				0.4885
By infant sex
Female	Pre	1860	48.9	991	26.1	905	23.8	132	3.5	684	18.0	76	2.0	1056	27.8	3800	100.0
	Post	1990	54.1	871	23.7	1146	31.1	106	2.9	414	11.2	65	1.8	1112	30.2	3681	100.0
Male	Pre	1946	48.6	980	24.5	1018	25.4	151	3.8	692	17.3	60	1.5	1166	29.1	4001	100.0
	Post	2162	53.5	958	23.7	1227	30.4	115	2.8	475	11.8	73	1.8	1227	30.4	4042	100.0
p-value		0.4012		0.1016		0.4217				0.1442