Skip to main content
. 2024 Nov 8;25(22):11992. doi: 10.3390/ijms252211992

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Catalytic mechanism of metal oxide for the upgrading of furfural to GVL. (a) Initiate the reaction to form GVL by eliminating water. (b) Initiate the reaction to form GVL through the addition of water and an isomerization process. I–III represent reaction intermediates.