Table 3.
Catalytic upgrade of furfural to FA, THFL, PDO, MF, and GVL.
| Catalyst | Solvent | Hydrogen Donor | Reaction Conditions | Substrate Loading | Yield | Selectivity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Furfuryl alcohol | |||||||
| Cu/MgO, 1 g | - | H2 | 180 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 1.2 mL/h | 96% | 98% | [119] |
| Ni-Co-Al (Ni:Co:Al = 1.1:0.8:1) | - | H2 | 155 °C, 60 min | Furfural, 5.5 mmol/h | 70% | 72% | [120] |
| Ni-Fe-B, 2.5 wt% | Alcohol, 30 mL | H2, 1 MPa | 100 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 10 mL | 100% | 100% | [121] |
| 5% Pd–5% Cu/MgO, 0.5 wt% | H2O | H2, 0.6 MPa | 110 °C, 80 min | Furfural, 6.0 wt% | 99% | 99% | [122] |
| Ru/Zr-MOFs, 1.0 wt% | H2O, 9.9 mL | H2, 0.5 MPa | 20 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 0.1 mL | 95% | - | [123] |
| ZrO2, 2.6 wt% | 2-butanol, 15 mL | 2-butanol | 180 °C, 150 min | Furfural, 6.7 wt% | 100% | 100% | [124] |
| Cu-Pd/C, 0.2 wt% | 1,4-dioxane, 20 mL | Formic acid | 170 °C, 180 min | Furfural, 1.5 wt% | 98% | 98% | [125] |
| Pd/NPC, 1.2 wt% | 2-butanol, 5 mL | 2-butanol | 120 °C, 600 min | Furfural, 1.9 wt% | 77% | 84% | [126] |
| Co-N-C-700, 0.7 wt% | 1,4-dioxane, 3.5 mL | Formic acid | 150 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 2.0 wt% | 100% | 100% | [127] |
| Fe3O4/C, 0.5 wt% | Isopropanol, 10 mL | Isopropanol | 200 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 1.9 wt% | 75% | 99% | [128] |
| Mn3O4, 0.35 wt% | Isopropanol, 7 mL | Isopropanol | 220 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 0.5 wt% | 96% | 96% | [129] |
| Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol | |||||||
| Cu-Ni/CNT, 2.0 wt% | Ethanol, 5 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 130 °C, 10 h | Furfural, 0.5 mL | 84% | 85% | [130] |
| Ni/C-500, 0.6 wt% | 2-propanol, 5 mL | H2, 3 MPa | 120 °C, 120 min | Furfural, 0.6 wt% | 100% | 100% | [131] |
| Pd-HAP, 0.3 wt% | 2-propanol,10 mL | H2, 1 MPa | 40 °C, 180 min | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 100% | 100% | [132] |
| CuNi/MgAlO, 0.25 wt% | Ethanol, 20 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 150 °C, 180 min | Furfural, 2.4 wt% | 95% | 95% | [133] |
| Pd-Pt/TiO2, 0.97 wt% | 2-propanol, 15 mL | H2, 0.3 MPa | 30 °C, 120 min | Furfural, 2.9 wt% | 95% | 95% | [134] |
| Ni@C@CNT, 0.6 wt% | Ethanol, 100 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 120 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 10 wt% | 95% | 96% | [135] |
| 1,5-Pentanediol | |||||||
| Pt/Co2AlO4, 0.4 wt% | H2O | H2, 1.5 MPa | 140 °C, 24 h | Furfural, 0.8 wt% | 35% | 35% | [136] |
| CoAlO-r700, 0.1 wt% | 2-propanol, 40 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 150 °C, 480 min | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 40% | 43% | [137] |
| Pt/HT, 3.3 wt% | 2-propanol, 3 mL | H2, 3 MPa | 60 °C, 480 min | Furfural, 3.2 wt% | 28% | 28% | [138] |
| Pt@Al2O3, 0.125 wt% | H2O,10 mL | H2, 0.45 MPa | 45 °C, 480 min | Furfural, 0.4 wt% | 75% | 75% | [139] |
| Ni-CoOx-Al2O3, 0.25 wt% | Ethanol, 40 mL | H2, 3 MPa | 160 °C, 360 min | Furfural, 0.5 wt% | 48% | 48% | [140] |
| 1,2-Pentanediol | |||||||
| Pt/HT, 3.3 wt% | 2-propanol,3 mL | H2, 3 MPa | 150 °C, 480 min | Furfural, 3.2 wt% | 73% | 73% | [138] |
| 2Pd2AuTiSBA, 0.26% wt% | IPA, 95 mL | H2, 3.45 MPa | 160 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 2.6 wt% | 55% | 59% | [141] |
| Rh/OMS-2, 1.25 wt% | Methanol, 20 mL | H2, 3 MPa | 160 °C, 480 min | Furfural, 3.5 wt% | 87% | 87% | [142] |
| 1Ru-5Sn/ZnO, 1.0 wt% | 2-propanol, 10 mL | H2 3.5 MPa | 140 °C, 360 min | Furfural, 1.0 mL | 85% | 85% | [143] |
| 3%Pd/MMT-K10, 0.26 wt% | 2-propanol, 95 mL | H2, 3.45 MPa | 220 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 2.6 wt% | 66% | 66% | [144] |
| 1,4-Pentanediol | |||||||
| Ru/CMK-3-R200, 0.57 mol% | H2O, 5 mL | CO2/H2 (3 MPa/1 MPa) | 80 °C, 20 h | Furfural, 2.0 wt% | 90% | 90% | [145] |
| Ru-6.3FeOx/AC | H2O | H2 | 80 °C | 86% | 86% | [146] | |
| Ru/SC-SBA-15, 2.0 wt% | H2O, 4 mL | H2 1.5 MPa | 140 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 4.8 wt% | 87% | 87% | [147] |
| 2-Methylfuran | |||||||
| Cu/SiO2 | H2O | H2 | 220 °C, 30 min | 90% | 90% | [148] | |
| 24%Cu-Ps | - | H2 | 200 °C, 90 min | 87% | 87% | [149] | |
| Cu-Ni/γ-Al2O3, 5.0 mol% | 2-propanol, 20 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 200 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 21.6 wt% | 82% | 82% | [150] |
| PtCo3 | 1-propanol | H2 | 180 °C, 300 min | 81% | 81% | [151] | |
| 10Cu-3Pd/ZrO2, 0.86 wt% | 2-propanol, 14 mL | 2-propanol | 220 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 0.69 wt% | 65% | 66% | [152] |
| Cu3Al-A, 0.6 wt% | Methanol, 15 mL | Methanol | 240 °C, 90 min | Furfural, 0.77 wt% | 88% | 90% | [153] |
| 4%Ru/NiFe2O4, 0.625 wt% | 2-propanol, 24 mL | 2-propanol | 180 °C, 360 min | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 83% | 85% | [154] |
| Cu/AC, 0.38 wt% | 2-propanol, 5 mL | 2-propanol | 200 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 1.15 wt% | 92% | 92% | [155] |
| CuZnAl, 0.6 wt% | Isopropanol, 25 mL | Isopropanol | 180 °C, 240 min | Furfural, 2.0 wt% | 72% | 72% | [156] |
| CuZnAl, 3.3 wt% | Methanol, 3 mL | Methanol | 240 °C, 300 min | Furfural, 3.3 wt% | 74% | 74% | [157] |
| γ-Valerolactone | |||||||
| Al-MFI-ns, 6.7 wt% | H2O-2-butanol | 2-butanol | 120 °C, 48 h | Furfural, 4.36 wt% | 78% | 90% | [158] |
| Au/ZrO2 2.0 wt%, ZSM-5 2.0 wt% | 2-propanol, 10 g | 2-propanol | 120 °C, 24 h | Furfural, 0.48 wt% | 80% | 89% | [159] |
| Sn-Al-Beta7, 0.8 wt% | 2-butanol, 20 mL | 2-butanol | 180 °C, 24 h | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 61% | 61% | [160] |
| HPW/Zr-Beta | 2-propanol, 20 mL | 2-propanol | 160 °C, 24 h | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 68% | 68% | [161] |
| ZrO2-TPA-β zeolite, 0.75 wt% | 2-propanol, 20 mL | 2-propanol | 170 °C, 10 h | Furfural, 1.0 wt% | 90% | 90% | [162] |
| ZrO2-[Al]MFI-NS 30, 0.15 wt% | 2-propanol | 2-propanol | 170 °C, 36 h | Furfural, 0.38 wt% | 83% | 83% | [163] |
| ZPS-1.0, 0.96 wt% | 2-propanol, 20 mL | 2-propanol | 170 °C, 6 h | Furfural, 0.48 wt% | 80% | 80% | [164] |
| Fe3O4/ZrO2@MCM-41, 0.4 wt% | Isopropanol, 10 mL | Isopropanol | 150 °C, 24 h | Furfural, 0.48 wt% | 81% | 81% | [165] |
| Ni-Co-Fe/ZSM-5, 1.2 wt% | Ethanol, 5 mL | H2, 4 MPa | 150 °C, 14 h | Furfural, 0.77 wt% | 86% | 86% | [166] |