AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ABCA7	ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 7
AChEIs	acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
ACTB	actin beta
ADAM10	disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10
AET	aerobic exercise training
AGEs	advanced glycation end products
AKT	protein kinase B
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
APLP1/2	amyloid precursor-like protein 1/2
APOE	apolipoprotein E
APOE-ε4	apolipoprotein E epsilon 4
APP	amyloid precursor protein
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
Aβ	amyloid-beta
BACE1	beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BIN1	bridging integrator 1
BIR	brain insulin resistance
BMI	body mass index
CD2AP	cortactin-CD2-associated protein
CDK5	cyclin-dependent kinase 5
CDKN1A	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
cFDR	conditional false discovery rate
CLU	clusterin
CNS	central nervous system
COL22A1	collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain
CR1	complement receptor type 1
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSF	cerebrospinal fluid
CT	computed tomography
CVD	cardiovascular disease
DASH	dietary approaches to stop hypertension
DEG	differentially expressed gene
dTg	double transgenic
EIF4A	eukaryotic initiation factor 4A
EOAD	early-onset AD
EPHA1	ephrin type-A receptor 1
FADH2	flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAD	familial Alzheimer’s disease
FDA	food and drug administration
GABA	γ-aminobutyric acid
GFAP	glial fibrillary acidic protein
GI	glycemic index
GLUT1/3/4	glucose transporter protein 1/3/4
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GSK-3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
GWASs	genome-wide association studies
HbA1c	hemoglobin A1c
HIIT	high-intensity interval training
IDE	insulin-degrading enzyme
IGF-1/2	insulin-like growth factor 1/2
IL-1β	interleukin 1 beta
IL-9	interleukin 9
IRβ	insulin receptor beta
IRS-(1)	insulin receptor substrate-(1)
KD	ketogenic diet
LOAD	late-onset AD
LTP	long-term synaptic potentiation
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAPT	microtubule-associated protein tau
MCI	mild cognitive impairment
MCT	medium-chain triglyceride
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MeDS	Mediterranean diet
MICT	moderate-intensity continuous training
MIND	Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay
miRNAs	microRNAs
MMSE	mini-mental state examination
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
MTBD	microtubule-binding domain
mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin
NADH	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NDUFAF6	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + reduced ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 6
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NFTs	neurofibrillary tangles
NMF	non-negative matrix factorization
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
PA	physical activity
PDK1	3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
PDPKs	proline-directed protein kinases
PET	positron emission tomography
PHFs	paired helical filaments
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PICALM	phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
PP2A	protein phosphatase 2 A
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PRR	proline-rich region
PSEN1	presenilin 1
PSEN2	presenilin 2
PTP1B	protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
RAGEs	receptors for AGEs
REM	rapid eye movement
ROS	reactive oxygen species
S6K	ribosomal protein S6 kinase
sAPPα	soluble APP alpha
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
Ser473	serine 473
SERINC3	serine incorporator 3
SFs	straight filaments
SGLT-2	sodium–glucose cotransporter-2
SLC1A1	solute carrier family 1 member 1
SNPs	single nucleotide polymorphisms
SORL1	sortilin-related receptor 1
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
Thr308	threonine 308
TMA	trimethylamine
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TOMM40	translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40
TP53INP1	tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1
TZDs	Thiazolidinediones
UDP-GlcNAc	uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
VIM	Vimentin
WHO	world health organization
YOAD	young-onset AD
ZMIZ1	zinc finger MIZ-type containing 1
β-CTF	β-carboxy-terminal fragment