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. 2024 Nov 13;13(22):3615. doi: 10.3390/foods13223615

Table 1.

Health benefits of PSO reported in literatures.

Health Benefits Test Subjects Types Effects Reference
Antioxidant Activity O2− and NaNO2− In vitro The IC50 values are 2.49 mg/mL and 2.51 mg/mL. [11]
DPPH In vitro The scavenging ability is 73.14%. [12]
Murine embryonic fibroblasts In vitro ROS ↓ [13]
TNF-α-induced A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells In vitro Oxidative stress ↓ [14]
Ethanol-induced oxidative damage in mice In vivo MDA and PC ↓
GSH and SOD ↑		 [15]
Anti-inflammatory activity A549 cells In vitro IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, COX-2 and LTB4 ↓ [16]
(EPP)-induced ear swelling in rats In vivo Twisting response ↓
Ear response ↓		 [17]
Hypolipidemic activity Hyperlipidemic mice In vivo TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA ↓
HDL-C, SOD and CAT ↑		 [18,19,20]
Hypoglycemic activity Spontaneous diabetic KKAy mice In vivo ALT and AST↑
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, TG and TC↓		 [21]
Type 2 diabetic KKAy mice In vivo Insulin levels ↑
Blood glucose levels ↓		 [22]
Neuroprotective activity Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats In vivo Escape latency and TChE ↓
TChE ↓		 [23]
Weanling rats In vivo Escape latency↓
Platform crossing frequency↑		 [24]
ApoE KO mice In vivo Dark neurons ↓
Neuronal apoptosis ↓		 [25]
Immunoregulatory activity layer chicks In vivo Nonspecific IgG ↑ [26]
OVA-sensitized mice In vivo Nonspecific IgE ↑
Nonspecific IgA ↓		 [27]
Rats In vivo Spleen index, thymus index and phagocytic index ↑
HC50 ↑		 [28]
Antibacterial activity Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis In vitro The inhibition rates were 53.3–101.7% and 108.3–136.7%, respectively. [29]

Abbreviations: IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; A549, human lung adenocarcinoma cells; MDA, malondialdehyde; PC, protein carbonyl; GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; LTB4, leukotriene B4; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CAT, catalase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TChE, total cholinesterase; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IgA, immunoglobulin A; HC50, hemolytic complement 50% endpoint; ApoE KO, apolipoprotein E knockout; and OVA, ovalbumin.