Table 1.

Results of the scoping review data extraction process.

Title	Year	What Is the Objective of the Paper?	Concept(s) Being Studied	Inclusion/ Exclusion Criteria	Population	What Is the Tribe(s) or Urban Areas Involved	Identity Scale(s) Used	How Are Indigenous People Defined in the Study?	What Theoretical Frameworks Are Utilized for the Study?	Does the Paper Mention if Any Authors Are Indigenous?
Culturally related anxiety and ethnic identity in Navajo college students	1999	To explore the relationship between ethnic identity and culturally related anxiety	Identity; Personal Health; Well-Being	Self-Identity Of Navajo University Students	Navajo University Students	Navajo Nation	Native American Cultural Involvement and Detachment Anxiety Questionnaire (CIDAQ); Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure	Self-Identity	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory	No
Assessment of culturally related anxiety in American Indians and Alaska Natives	2000	To develop and provide an initial test of the Native American Cultural Involvement and Detachment Anxiety Questionnaire (CIDAQ) in a sample of American Indian and Alaska Native college students	Perceived Discrimination; Acculturative, And Physical Stress	Native American and Alaska Native College Students in Kansas	AI/AN University Students	Haskell University Students	Native American Cultural Involvement and Detachment Anxiety Questionnaire (CIDAQ); Cultural Identification Scale	Self-Identity	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory	No
Anxiety, stress, and health in northern plains Native Americans	2003	To investigate the relationship between self-reported anxiety, stressful events, health, and cultural identification among Native Americans from a rural community in northeastern Nebraska	Cultural Identity’s Association with Alcohol and Other Drug Use	Enrollment Or Reported Family Lineage and Community Recognition	Northern Plains Native Americans	Various Tribes: 85% Of Participants Indicated They Were from The Same Tribe	Northern Plains Bicultural Inventory	Reported Enrollment in A Federally Recognized Tribe or Reported Family Lineage and Community Recognition.	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory; Orthogonal Theory of Biculturalism	Yes
Resilience among native Hawaiian adolescents: ethnic identity, psychological distress, and well-being	2003	To examine the effects of stressful life events and cultural stressors on psychological functioning To examine effects of ethnic identity as a protective factor on psychological functioning Examine if ethnic identity moderates’ effect of stressors on psychological functioning	Identity; Tradition; Spirituality; Wellbeing; And Mental Health	Native Hawaiian Students from Singular High School, Ages 14–18	Native Hawaiians	Native Hawaiians	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)	Self-Identity	Model Of Resilience	No
Cultural identity, explanatory style, and depression in Navajo adolescents	2004	To understand the relationship between Navajo cultural identity and depression and its risk factors	Cultural Connectedness; Physical Health; And Mental Health	Navajo Adolescent Students Enrolled in Navajo Reservation Schools	Navajo Adolescents	Navajo	Navajo Cultural Identity Measure (NCIM)	Students Enrolled at Navajo Schools and Self-Identify	Indigenous Stress and Coping Model	No
Initial development of a Cultural Values and Beliefs Scale among Dakota/Nakota/Lakota people: a pilot study	2006	Validate a tool designed to Indigenous incorporate cultural values into a mental health instrument	Mental Health; Stress and Coping; Historical Loss; Ethnic Identity; Well-Being	Self-Identification Of Current and Former Dakota, Nakota, And Lakota University Students	Dakota/Nakota/Lakota University Students	Dakota/Nakota/Lakota in Midwestern University Setting	Native American Cultural Values and Beliefs Survey (NACVBS)	Self-Identity	Wellness Grounded in Spirituality, Values, And Beliefs	No
Teen Intervention Project–Cherokee	2006	To advance knowledge for practice concerning alcohol abuse intervention among a Native American adolescent population	Cultural Identity and Beliefs/Level of Distress	Cherokee Adolescents Who Were Referred from Substance Abuse Counseling at School	Cherokee Adolescents	Cherokee Nation	Cherokee Self-Reliance Questionnaire	Enrollment	Social Learning Theory; Problem Behavior Theory	Yes
Stress, coping, and well-being among the Yup’ik of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta: the role of enculturation and acculturation	2007	To report on the relationships between cultural identity and stress, coping, and psychological well-being in Yup’ik communities	Identity; Stress, Coping; Psychological Well-Being	Self-Identity	Yup’ik People in Six Rural Villages in Alaska	Yup’ik People in Alaska	Measures Of Cultural Identification Consisted of Two Separate Items. One Item Assessed the Level of Kass’aq (White) Identification or Acculturation. A Second Item Assessed Level of Yup’ik Identification, Or Enculturation	Self-Identity, From Village	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory	Yes
Conceptions of Wellness among the Yup’ik of the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta: The Vitality of Social and Natural Connection	2007	To understand the plausible health benefits of enculturation, including the role of cultivating harmonious relationships, core values, and self-defining features of the traditional Yup’ik worldview	Identity; Mental Health; Well-Being;	Yup’ik Adults	Yup’ik Indigenous People	Yup’ik Indigenous Communities	Qualitative Study	Self-Identified Yup’ik People Residing in Villages	Grounded Theory	No
Culture and Context: Buffering the Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and Risky Behaviors in American Indian Youth	2011	The Sacred Mountain Youth Project was conducted to investigate risk and protective factors related to alcohol and drug use among American Indian youth	Identity; Resilience; Stress; Alcohol and Drug Use	Must Be American Indian and In One Of Two Eligible Dormitories Between the Ages Of 15 And 24	Indigenous Youth	Not Disclosed	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale	Self-Identity	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory	Yes
Measuring historical trauma in an American Indian community sample: contributions of substance dependence, affective disorder, conduct disorder, and PTSD	2013	To evaluate the extent to which the frequency of thoughts of historical loss and associated symptoms are influenced by current traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), cultural identification, percent Native American Heritage, substance dependence, affective/anxiety disorders, and conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)	Trauma; PTSD; Cultural Identity; Substance Dependence	At Least 1/16th Native American Heritage (NAH), Be Between the Ages Of 18 And 70 Years, And Be Mobile Enough to Be Transported from His or Her Home to The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI)	Reservation Based Indigenous People	Not Made Public	Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale (OCIS)	Blood Quantum Based	None Listed	No
Cultural Identity among Urban American Indian/Native Alaskan Youth: Implications for Alcohol and Drug Use	2016	To develop culturally relevant and developmentally appropriate alcohol and other drug use interventions for urban AI/AN youth	Alcohol And Substance Use; Risky Behavior; American Indian Youth; Cultural Identity; Depressed Mood; Risk Factors; Protective Factors	Does Not Explicitly Say but Participants Are AI/AN From Northern or Southern California and Of All Different Ages.	Urban AI/AN Youth, Parents, Providers in California	Urban Communities in Northern and Southern California	Qualitative Study	Self-Identification And Recruitment Through Third Party Health Services	Historical Trauma; Community Based Participatory Research	No
Cultural values, coping, and hope in Yup’ik communities facing rapid cultural change	2018	To build knowledge of culturally based strategies, values, resources, and protective factors that facilitate adaptation to rapid cultural change and that could be used in community-driven interventions to promote wellness in rural Alaska Native communities	Culture; Coping; Intergenerational Knowledge; Historical Trauma; Resilience Factors	Residents Of Yup’ik Villages	Yup’ik Communities in Alaska	Yup’ik Tribe	Qualitative Study	Self-Identity Of Indigenous People Within Communities	Grounded Theory	Yes
Academic stress of Native American undergraduates: The role of ethnic identity, cultural congruity, and self-beliefs	2019	To explore the relation of self-beliefs, ethnic identity, and cultural congruity with academic stress amongst Indigenous university students	Cultural Identity; Sense of Community; Emotional/Behavioral Health	Self-Identification, Recruitment Through Student Support Services	Indigenous Undergraduate University Students	University Setting	Modified version of Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI-T)	Self-Identity	Theory Of Academic Persistence	Yes
The Culture is Prevention Project: Measuring Culture as a Social Determinant of Mental Health for Native/Indigenous Peoples	2020	Will the incorporation of Indigenous culture affect health outcomes for Indigenous people	Ethnic Identity; College Outcomes; Academic Success	Self-Identification	San Francisco Bay Area Indigenous Community Members	Urban Indigenous Population in The San Francisco Bay Area And the Surrounding Area	Cultural Connectedness Scale-California (CCS-CA)	Self-Identity	Community-Based Participatory Research Approach; Strength-Based Approach	Yes
Indigenous Alaskan and mainstream identification explain the link between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress	2021	To examine the effect of discrimination on acculturative and physical stress	Ethnic-Racial Identity; Gender Identity; Adolescence; American Indians; Psychosocial Adjustment	Self-Identification	Alaska Native Identifying People	Aleut, Alaska Native, Eskimo, Yup’ik, Inupiaq, Athabascan, Tlingit and Haida	Branscombe’s Gender Identity Scale, Replacing “Gender Group” With “Alaska Native”	Self-Identity	Rejection-Identification Hypothesis; Acculturation Hypothesis	No
Identifying as American Indian/Alaska Native in Urban Areas: Implications for Adolescent Behavioral Health and Well-Being	2021	To examine Indigenous identity’s association with behavioral health and well-being	Ethnic Identity; Academic Stress; Cultural Congruity; Self-belief	Adolescents Had to Be 14 To 18 Years Old (Inclusive) And Either Verbally Identify as AI/AN Or Be Identified As AI/AN By a Family Member.	Urban Indigenous Adolescents	Urban Areas Across Central, Southern, And Northern California	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)	Self-Identity	Theoretical Conceptualization of Behavioral Health and Well-Being as It Relates To AI/AN Racial-Ethnic and Cultural Identity	No
Unveiling an ‘invisible population’: health, substance use, sexual behavior, culture, and discrimination among urban American Indian/Alaska Native adolescents in California	2021	To address gaps in urban Indigenous communities by sharing qualitative research with urban Indigenous communities	Cultural Identity; Stress; Discrimination; Urban/Reservation	To Be Eligible for The Project, Adolescents Had to Be 14–18 Years Old (Inclusive) And Either Verbally Self-Identify as AI/AN Or Be Identified As AI/AN By a Parent/Guardian or Community Elder. Eligible Adolescents Were Scheduled to Complete a Baseline Survey at A Time and Place That Was Convenient to Them.	Urban Indigenous Adolescents	Northern, Central, And Southern California Urban Areas	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)	Self-Identification Or Identification by Elder or Parent	None Specified	No
Ethnic-racial identity, gender identity, and well-being in Cherokee early adolescents	2021	Examine Cherokee adolescents’ ethnic identities and how they relate to self-esteem and well-being	Stress; Cultural Identity; Anxiety	Citizens Of Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians	Cherokee Adolescents	Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians	Modified version of Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI-T)	Enrollment	Self-Categorization Theory; Social Identity Theories	No
The Health Effects of a Cherokee Grounded Culture and Leadership	2022	To assess the effectiveness of Cherokee culture-based program on changes in health and well-being	Cultural Identity; Anxiety; Stress; Involvement in Western Culture	Participants Selected from Their Respective Tribes	Cherokee Nation Youth	Cherokee Nation; Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure	Enrolled Members Selected by Tribal Authorities	Indigenous/CBPR Outcomes Evaluation	Yes
The Culture is Prevention Project: measuring cultural connectedness and providing evidence that culture is a social determinant of health for Native Americans	2023	To report on Culture is Prevention and the assessment of cultural connectedness, physical health, and mental health	Anxiety; Ethnic Identity; Culture	Self-Identification	Urban Dwelling Native Americans	San Francisco, Santa Rosa, Fresno	Cultural Connectedness Scale-California (CCS-CA)	Self-Identity	None Specified	Yes
The Impact of Historical Loss on Native American College Students’ Mental Health: The Protective Role of Ethnic Identity	2023	To examine the theorized pathways among historical loss, well-being, psychological distress, and the proposed cultural buffer of ethnic identity in the indigenist stress-coping model (ISCM)	Well-being; Ethnic Identity; And Psychological Distress	Not Explicitly Stated	Indigenous University Students	University Setting	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R)	Self-Identity	Indigeneist Stress-Coping Model	Yes
Knowing Who You Are (Becoming): Effects of a University-Based Elder-Led Cultural Identity Program on Alaska Native Students’ Identity Development, Cultural Strengths, Sense of Community, and Behavioral Health	2023	To provide outcomes of a pilot test of the Cultural Identity Project, an Elder-led cultural identity development program	Psychological Well-Being; Enculturation; Acculturation; Stress; Collectivism	Self-Identified Indigenous Undergraduate Students Who Are Over Eighteen	Alaska Native College Students	University Setting	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure–Revise; Native Cultural Health Assessment Tool	Self-Identity Through Recruitment at Indigenous Serving Center	None Specified	Yes
How Ethnic Identity Affects Campus Experience and Academic Outcomes for Native American Undergraduates	2023	To understand how ethnic identity affects campus experience and academic outcomes for Native American Undergraduates	Indigenous identity; Self-Reliance; substance Abuse; Stress	Self-Identification And Current Undergraduate Students Who Are Over Eighteen	Native American Undergraduate Students	University Setting	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)	Self-Identity	Social Identity Theory; Tribal Critical Race Theory	No