Table 1.
Phenotypic traits at the age of four months.
| Males | Females | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-C | O-WD | O-Rev | ANOVA | O-C | O-WD | O-Rev | ANOVA | ANOVA | ||||||||
| Veh | Lep | Veh | Lep | Veh | Lep | 2-way | Veh | Lep | Veh | Lep | Veh | Lep | 2-way | 3-way | ||
|
Body
weight (g) |
SD | 434 ± 11 | 423 ± 11 | 455 ± 10 | 470 ± 18 | 423 ± 10 | 400 ± 12 | MD A-B-A | 246 ± 6 | 249 ± 4 | 259 ± 4 | 258 ± 6 | 240 ± 7 | 249 ± 9 | - | SxMD |
| WD | 513 ± 14 | 535 ± 19 | 546 ± 19 | 570 ± 23 | 528 ± 26 | 507 ± 19 | - | 283 ± 7 | 291 ± 7 | 280 ± 11 | 292 ± 10 | 276 ± 11 | 271 ± 6 | - | S, MD A-B-C | |
|
Fat
mass (%) |
SD | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 12.0 ± 1.0 | 13.2 ± 1.0 | 12.2 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 0.5 * | - | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 13.6 ± 0.7 | 11.9 ± 0.8 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | - | L |
| WD | 22.4 ± 1.3 | 24.3 ± 1.9 | 27.8 ± 2.3 | 27.9 ± 2.2 | 24.9 ± 2.3 | 23.9 ± 1.0 | - | 22.6 ± 0.9 | 24.2 ± 1.6 | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 23.8 ± 2.4 | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 19.4 ± 1.4 | - | S | |
|
rWAT
weight (g) |
SD | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 9.9 ± 0.9 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | MD A-B-A | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.2 * | L | SxMD |
| WD | 18.8 ± 1.4 | 22.7 ± 1.3 | 22.4 ± 1.7 | 25.9 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 2.6 | 21.1 ± 2.0 | - | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | - | S | |
|
Liver
weight (g) |
SD | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.8 | 12.4 ± 0.4 | 11.6 ± 0.6 | MD A-B-A | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 6.9 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | MD A-B-AB | S, MD A-B-A |
| WD | 17.3 ± 0.6 | 17.9 ± 0.9 | 17.9 ± 0.9 | 18.3 ± 1.1 | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 16.5 ± 1.1 | - | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | - | S | |
Body weight, fat content, and weights of rWAT and liver of O-C, O-WD, and O-Rev male and female animals treated with vehicle or leptin during suckling and fed an SD or WD from weaning, at four months of age. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 8–12). Statistics: After data separation, depending on post-weaning diet, a three-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of sex, maternal diet, and/or leptin treatment. For each sex, a two-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of leptin treatment and/or maternal diet. Single comparisons between leptin- and vehicle-treated rats for all experimental groups were carried out using the Mann–Whitney U test. Symbols: sex (S), maternal diet (MD), and leptin treatment (L); Data that do not share a letter are significantly different, A ≠ B ≠ C (p < 0.05, LSD post hoc and two- or three-way ANOVA); * different from their vehicle-treated equal (p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney U test). Offspring of C-dams (O-C); offspring of WD-dams (O-WD); offspring of Rev-dams (O-Rev); vehicle (Veh); leptin (Lep).