Analysis of factors limiting grain filling in sterile lines. SuS, sucrose synthases; FK, fructokinase; PGI, phosphoglucoisomerase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; AGP, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; SSS, soluble starch synthase; GBSS, granule-bound starch synthase; SBE, starch branching enzymes; DPA, days post-anthesis; ns., no significant difference; PD, plasmodesmata; (+), HT significantly upregulated the expression levels of relevant genes compared with the control; (−), HT significantly downregulated the expression levels of relevant genes compared with the control. The twenty-first day after heat stress treatment is represented as HTM5, and NTM5 was the control.