Table 1.

Self-assembling molecules containing PNAs.

Sequence 1	Morphology 2	Application 3
Biotin-tagagtt-Lys-NH2	Fiber (after DNA hybridization)	Hydrogel
Methacryloyl-Gly2-agtgaccg-OH/HPMA copolymer Methacryloyl-Gly2-accaggcg-OH/HPMA copolymer Methacryloyl-Gly2-ttctcttcttc-OH/HPMA copolymer Methacryloyl-Gly2-cttcttctctt-OH/HPMA copolymer	Porous structure (after DNA hybridization)	Hydrogel
Glu-tgagcttgtatagtcg-Glu * Glu-caagctcacgactata-Glu *	Film and hollow capsule	Delivery
aaaaaaa *	Fiber (after cyanuric acid binding)
Fmoc-g(Bhoc)-OH	Microsphere	Photonic crystals Organic solvents detection
Fmoc-g(Bhoc)-TPP Fmoc-g(Bhoc)-BDP	Nanosphere Spherical or flake-shaped aggregate	Catalysis photodynamic therapy
Fmoc-g-aminopentanoic acid	Sphere or nanoribbon	Energy transfer processes
gc-NH2c g-NH2 gg-NH2	Crystal	Optoelectronic
Fmoc-gc-NH2	Sphere	Fluorescence
C12-gg-NH2	Sphere	n.r.
C12-agtgatctac-(Glu)4-NH2	Micelle	n.r.
C12-tttccg-(Lys)2-NH2	Micelle	n.r.
C12-tagacg-(Glu)2-NH2	Ellipsoidal micelle	Separation of DNA oligomers
C12-ctgactga-(Glu)4-NH2	Spherical micelle	n.r.
(C14)2-(AEEA)2-agtgatctac-(Glu)4-NH2	n.r.	Liposomes (mixture with cholesterol and DSPC) for DNA delivery
(C14)2-agtgatctac-(Glu)4-NH2	n.r.	Liposomes (mixture with cholesterol and DSPC) for DNA delivery
(C14)2-tttccg-(Lys)2-NH2	n.r.	Liposomes (mixture with cholesterol and DSPC) for DNA delivery
LysLys(Lys(Lys-t7))(Gly)3(Ala)3Lys(palmitoyl)-NH2	Fiber	Hydrogels
Boc-(Phe)2-tz-AN(Boc)2-aeg-OEthyl Boc-(Phe)2-tz-GN(Boc)2-aeg-OEthyl	Hollow nanoparticle Hollow nanoparticle	Encapsulation Supercapacitors
a-(Phe)2-OH or g-(Phe)2-OH aa-(Phe)2-OH or gg-(Phe)2-OH c-(Phe)2-OH or cc-(Phe)2-OH t-(Phe)2-OH or tt-(Phe)2-OH	Amorphous conglomerate Fibrous nanostructure Entwined fiber Entwined fiber	n.r.
gc−(Phe)2 gc−(Phe)2−NH2 (Phe)2−gc (Phe)2−gc−NH2	Spherical aggregate Spherical aggregate Spherical aggregate Spherical aggregate	n.r.
(Trp)2−gc−NH2 (Trp)2−at−NH2	Spherical aggregate/ intertwined fiber Spherical aggregate	n.r.
(Phe)4−gc−NH2 (Phe)4−at−NH2	Vesicle like Twisted fiber	n.r.
c-Phe-g-Phe-NH2 (c-Phe-g-Phe)2-NH2 t-Phe-a-Phe-NH2 (t-Phe-a-Phe)2-NH2	Globular aggregate Thin plates Globular aggregates Globular aggregates	n.r.
c-LeuValAlaGlyLys-NH2	n.r.	Hydrogel for CEST-MRI
Ac-ttctctctga-PEG-(PheLysPheGlu)2-NH2 Ac-(PheLysPheGlu)2-PEG-tttctaatgt-Lys-NH2	Fibrils	Hydrogels
Ac-ac-FEFK-NH2 Ac-tg-FEFK-NH2	Entangled fibers	Hydrogel
a-(PheAsp)2(PheLys)2-OH g-(PheAsp)2(PheLys)2-OH t-(PheAsp)2(PheLys)2-OH c-(PheAsp)2(PheLys)2-OH	Entangled fibers Entangled fibers Thin fibers/spherical nanostructures Thin fibers/spherical nanostructures	Hydrogel Hydrogel Hydrogel Hydrogel
t-ArgGlyAspPhePheLys(rhodamine)-NH2 a-ArgGlyAspPhePheLys(naphthalimide)-NH2	Crosslinked spherical fibers Crosslinked fibers	Encapsulation cancer cells
Ac-VLTKVKTKVDPPTKVQVKVFV-(PEG10)2-tgttacgact-NH2 Ac-VLTKVKTKVDPPTKVQVKVFV-(PEG10)2-agtcgtaaca-NH2	Fiber (after duplex assembly)	hydrogel
aγmpataγmpgcgtγmptcac-NH2 gγmpctaγmpttgaγmpgtaa-NH2 gγmpacaγmptcttγmpactc-NH2 cγmptggγmpcgtgγmpcgga-NH2 cγmpgccγmpagccγmpctcg-NH2 biotin-gγmptgaγmpaccgγmpaggg-NH2 aγmpgttγmpttgaγmptgtc-NH2 Cy3-aγmpaaaγmpctacγmpagaa-NH2 tγmpccgγmpcattγmpctgt-NH2	Fiber (after combination of all nine single strand PNAs)
(aatagcgttcac)γSer-NH2 (gctattgagtaa)γSer-NH2 (gacatcttactc)γSer-NH2 (ctggcgtgcgga)γSer-NH2 (cgccagccctcg)γSer-NH2 biotin-DEG-(gtgaaccgaggg)γSer-NH2 (agttttgatgtc)γSer-NH2 TAMRA-DEG-(aaaactacagaa)γSer-NH2 (tccgcattctgt)γSer-NH2	Nanofiber (after a combination of all nine single-strand PNAs)
tγLyscaaγLyscatcγAlaagtγAlacD-NH2 tγLyscaaγLyscatcγLeuagtγLeucD-NH2 DtγAlacaaγAlacatcγGluagtγGluc-Gly-NH2 tγLyscaaγLyscatγAlacaγAlagD-NH2 tγLyscaγLysacγAlaatγAlacD-NH2	Spherical assembly (micelles)	n.r.
(C12)-PEG3-agcattaa-Lys-PEG3-TAMRA (C12)-PEG3-(agcattaa)γmp-Lys-PEG3-TAMRA	Ellipsoid nanostructures	Anticancer
cgtacaaacttagacaccag-Lys3-NH2 Lys-ctggtgtcta-NH2 + Ac-agtttgtacg-(CH2)3SH ctggγSertgtγSerctaγSer-Lys-NH2+ Ac-agtttgtacg-(CH2)3SH	Monolayer (in duplex form with complementary PNA strand)	Electrocatalytic reactions

¹ * = the C-terminal end is not specified; HPMA = N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide; Bhoc = benzytriloxycarbonyl; TPP = 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin; BDP= 10-(4-aminophenyl)-5,5-difluoro-1,3,7,9-tetramethyl-5H-dipyrrolo [1,2-c:2′,1′-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-4-ium-5-uide; AEEA = 2-aminoethoxy-2-ethoxy acetic acid; tz = triazole; aeg = aminoethylglycine; PEG = 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid; γmp = miniPEG-gamma-PNA; γSer = Ser-gamma-PNA; γLys = Lys-gamma-PNA; γAla = Ala-gamma-PNA; γLeu = Leu-gamma-PNA; γGlu = Glu-gamma-PNA; D = 4-dimethylamino-naphthalimide PNA monomer; TAMRA= 5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine; PEG3= 11-amino-3,6,9-trioxaundecanoic acid linker. ² DSPC = distearoylphosphatidylcholine. ³ n.r. = not reported; CEST = chemical exchange saturation transfer; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.