FIGURE 4.

This figure shows the estimated interventional indirect effects of major depressive disorder (MDD) on mortality through six physical diseases at year 3 and year 8 of follow-up with 95% confidence intervals. This figure shows the estimated interventional indirect effects of MDD on mortality through six physical diseases at year 3 and year 8 of follow-up with 95% confidence intervals. The interventional indirect effect through a physical disease in a given year is defined as the reduction in the mortality risk under always MDD for that year, achieved by setting the risk of that disease over the entire follow-up period to the level that would be observed in the absence of MDD. The colored bars represent the indirect effects as percentages of the interventional overall effect of MDD on mortality. (A) Results for the entire study population, (B) stratified by sex, and (C) by age groups.